Pectus excavatum je najčastejšou vrodenou deformitou hrudníka. Deformitu ťažkého stupňa musíme považovať za absolútnu indikáciu na operačnú korekciu. Závažnosť deformity určená s pomocou rentgenových zobrazovacích vyšetrení je najdôležitejším indikačným kritériom. Štandardné RTG vyšetrenie hrudníka v dvoch projekciách, natívne špirálové MDCT vyšetrenie ponúkajú možnosť zhodnotiť rôzne základné ukazovatele závažnosti deformity, ako sú napríklad Halierov index, korekčný vertebrálny a fronto-sagitálny index. Rozvoj minimálne invazívnych operačných techník a narastajúci počet pacientov s asymetrickou deformitou liečených touto technikou priniesol potrebu nových indexov, ktoré operatérovi umožnia individuálne predtvarovať dlahu aj v tejto skupine pacientov. Autori práce sa v práci zamerali aj na komplikácie operačnej korekcie a typické nálezy, ktoré umožnia rentgenológovi tieto komplikácie zachytiť., Pectus excavatum is the most common inborn deformity of the chest. Severe deformity is considered to be an absolute indication for surgical correction. Indication criterias are dependent on multiple factors, but the severity of the malformation based on rádiológie assessment is the most important. Standard chest X-ray and native MDCT examination offer the evaluation of the severity of the deformity with the use of basic indices like Halier, correctional, vertebral or fronto-sagittal index. The evolution of minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair (MIRPE) and high number of asymmetric deformities treated with this procedure has brought the necessity for the creation of new indices. These indices help surgeons to individually preshape implanted bar in complex cases. Authors concentrate on complications of both procedures and their typical radiological findings., Martin Lučenič, Miroslav Janík, Peter Juhos, Roman Benej, Svetozár Harušiak, and Literatura
The paper focuses on Uriah Kriegel’s non-relational account of representation, based on the rejection of the widely shared assumption that ''representing something involves (constitutively) bearing a relation to it''. Kriegel’s approach is briefly compared with another version of non-relational theory presented by Mark Sainsbury. The author discusses several reasons why the relational aspect of representation should stand in the center of our theoretical interest, despite the arguments of non-relationists. They concern (1) the origin of the very capacity to represent in our interactions with elements of our external environment; (2) the externalist arguments attempting to show that some of our states and acts are irreducibly embedded in our relations with external environment and these relations play an ineliminable role in the constitution of their content; (3) the fact that representations typically have conditions of satisfaction which relate the representing states or acts to the external world in such a way that if the conditions are not fulfilled, this counts as a representation-failure; (4) the fact that the representation ascriptions are often based relationally and the claim that two subjects think about the same often admits only relational interpretation. The author concludes by pointing to the wide variety of phenomena called ''representation'' and argues that there is no a priori reason to presuppose that all such cases admit, or even require a unified analysis., Příspěvek se zaměřuje na nerelační popis reprezentace Uriah Kriegla, založený na odmítnutí široce sdíleného předpokladu, že ,,představovat něco, co zahrnuje (konstitutivně) nesoucí vztah k němu''. Kriegelův přístup je stručně porovnán s jinou verzí nerelační teorie, kterou předložil Mark Sainsbury. Autorka rozebírá několik důvodů, proč by měl být relační aspekt reprezentace v centru našeho teoretického zájmu, navzdory argumentům nerelatistů. Týkají se (1) vzniku vlastní schopnosti reprezentovat v našich interakcích s prvky našeho vnějšího prostředí; (2) externistické argumenty, které se snaží ukázat, že některé z našich států a činů jsou nezvratně zakotveny v našich vztazích s vnějším prostředím a tyto vztahy hrají nezastupitelnou roli v ústavě jejich obsahu; (3) skutečnost, že reprezentace mají typicky podmínky spokojenosti, které se vztahují k reprezentujícím státům nebo jednáním vůči vnějšímu světu takovým způsobem, že pokud podmínky nejsou splněny, je to považováno za selhání reprezentace; (4) skutečnost, že popisy zastoupení jsou často založeny na relačním vztahu a tvrzení, že dva subjekty přemýšlejí o tom samém, často připouští pouze relační interpretaci. Autor uzavírá tím, že poukazuje na širokou škálu jevů nazývaných ,,reprezentace'' a tvrdí, že neexistuje žádný a priori důvod předpokládat, že všechny tyto případy připouští., and Petr Koťátko
Recent studies show that biochar improves physical properties of soils and contributes to the carbon sequestration. In contrast to most other studies on biochar, the present study comprise a long-term field experiment with a special focus on the simultaneous impact of N-fertilizer to soil structure parameters and content of soil organic carbon (SOC) since SOC has been linked to improved aggregate stability. However, the question remains: how does the content of water-stable aggregates change with the content of organic matter? In this paper we investigate the effects of biochar alone and in a combination with N-fertilizer (i) on the content of water-stable macro- (WSAma) and micro-aggregates (WSAmi) as well as soil structure parameters; and (ii) on the contents of SOC and labile carbon (CL) in water-stable aggregates (WSA).
A field experiment was conducted with different biochar application rates: B0 control (0 t ha–1), B10 (10 t ha–1) and B20 (20 t ha–1) and 0 (no N), 1st and 2nd level of nitrogen fertilization. The doses of level 1 were calculated on required average crop production using the balance method. The level 2 included an application of additional 100% of N in 2014 and additional 50% of N in the years 2015–2016 on silty loam Haplic Luvisol at the study site located at Dolná Malanta (Slovakia). The effects were investigated after the growing season of spring barley, maize and spring wheat in 2014,
2015 and 2016, respectively. The results indicate that the B10N0 treatment significantly decreased the structure vulnerability by 25% compared to B0N0. Overall, the lower level of N combined with lower doses of biochar and the higher level of N showed positive effects on the average contents of higher classes of WSAma and other soil structure parameters. The content of SOC in WSA in all size classes and the content of CL in WSAma 3–1 mm significantly increased after applying 20 t ha–1 of biochar compared to B0N0. In the case of the B20N1 treatment, the content of SOC in WSAma within the size classes >5 mm (8%), 5– 3 mm (19%), 3–2 mm (12%), 2–1 mm (16%), 1–0.5 mm (14%), 0.5–0.25 mm (9%) and WSAmi (12%) was higher than in B0N1. We also observed a considerably higher content of SOC in WSAma 5–0.5 mm and WSAmi with the B10N1 treatment as compared to B0N1. Doses of 20 t biochar ha–1 combined with second level of N fertilization had significant effect on the increase of WSAma and WSAmi compared to the B0N2 treatment. A significant increase of CL in WSA was determined for size classes of 2–0.25 mm and WSAmi in the B20N2 treatment. Our findings showed that biochar might have beneficial effects on soil structure parameters, SOC, CL in WSA and carbon sequestration, depending on the applied amounts of biochar and nitrogen.
The Loess Plateau is the main source of water in Yellow River, China. After 1980s, the Yellow river water presented a significant reduction, what caused the decrease of the Yellow river discharge had been debated in academic circles. We proceeded with runoff generation mechanisms to explain this phenomenon. We built saturation excess runoff and infiltration excess runoff generation mechanisms for rainfall–runoff simulation in Jingle sub-basin of Fen River basin on the Loess Plateau, to reveal the influence of land use change on flood processes and studied the changes of model parameters under different underlying conditions. The results showed that the runoff generation mechanism was mainly infiltration-excess overland flow, but the flood events of saturation-excess overland flow had an increasing trend because of land use cover change (the increase of forestland and grassland areas and the reduction of cultivated land). Some of the model parameters had physical significances，such as water storage capacity (WM), infiltration capacity (f), evapotranspiration (CKE), soil permeability coefficient (k) and index of storage capacity distribution curve (n) showed increasing trends, and index of infiltration capacity distribution curve (m) showed a decreasing trend. The above results proved the changes of runoff generation mechanism from the perspective of model parameters in Jingle sub-basin, which can provide a new perspective for understanding the discharge reduction in the Yellow River basin.