Treated water from wastewater treatment plants that is increasingly used for irrigation may contain pharmaceuticals and, thus, contaminate soils. Therefore, this study focused on the impact of soil conditions on the root uptake of selected pharmaceuticals and their transformation in a chosen soil–plant system. Green pea plants were planted in 3 soils. Plants were initially irrigated with tap water. Next, they were irrigated for 20 days with a solution of either atenolol (ATE), sulfamethoxazole (SUL), carbamazepine (CAR), or all of these three compounds. The concentrations of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites [atenolol acid (AAC), N1-acetyl sulfamethoxazole (N1AS), N4-acetyl sulfamethoxazole (N4AS), carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (EPC), 10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine (DHC), trans-10,11- dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy carbamazepine (RTC), and oxcarbazepine (OXC)] in soils and plant tissues were evaluated after harvest. The study confirmed high (CAR), moderate (ATE, AAC, SUL), and minor (N4AC) root uptake of the studied compounds by the green pea plants, nonrestricted transfer of the CAR species into the different plant tissues, and a very high efficiency in metabolizing CAR in the stems and leaves. The results showed neither a synergic nor competitive influence of the application of all compounds in the solution on their uptake by plants. The statistical analysis proved the negative relationships between the CAR sorption coefficients and the concentrations of CAR, EPC, and OXC in the roots (R = –0.916, –0.932, and –0.925, respectively) and stems (R = –0.837, –0.844, and –0.847, respectively).
This study examines the problem of flow resistance due to rigid vegetation in open channel flow. The reliability of the conventional flow resistance equations (i.e. Keulegan, Manning and Chézy-Bazin) for vegetated flows at high submergence, i.e. h/k >5, (where h = flow depth and k = vegetation height) is assessed. Several modern flow resistance equations based on a two-layer approach are examined, showing that they transform into the conventional equations at high submergences. To compare the conventional flow resistance equations at high submergences, an experimental methodology is proposed and applied to the experimental data reported in the literature and collected for this study. The results demonstrate the reliability of the Keulegan equation in predicting the flow resistance. Based on the obtained results, a model to evaluate the Nikuradse equivalent sand-grain roughness, kN, starting from the vegetation height and density, is proposed and tested.
John MacFarlane argues against objectivism about ''tasty''/''not tasty'' in the following way. If objectivism were true then, given that speakers use ''tasty''/''not tasty'' in accordance with a rule, TP, speakers would be using an evidently unreliable method to form judgements and make claims about what is tasty. Since this is implausible, objectivism must be false. In this paper, I describe a context in which speakers deviate from TP. I argue that MacFarlane’s argument against objectivism fails when applied to uses of ''not tasty'' within this context. So objectivism about ''not tasty'' is still a viable position within this context., John MacFarlane argumentuje proti objektivismu o ''chutném'' / ''ne chutném'' následujícím způsobem. Pokud by objektivismus byl pravdivý, vzhledem k tomu, že reproduktory používají ''chutné'' / ''ne chutné'' v souladu s pravidly TP, mluvčí by používali zjevně nespolehlivou metodu k tomu, aby vytvořili soudy a prohlásili, co je chutné. Protože to je nepravděpodobné, objektivismus musí být falešný. V tomto článku popisuji kontext, ve kterém se mluvčí odchýlí od TP. Argumentuji, že argument MacFarlane proti objektivismu selhal, když se v tomto kontextu vztahuje k použití ''ne chutných''. Tak objektivismus ''ne chutné'' je stále životaschopný postoj v tomto kontextu., and Alexi Davies
In bare soils of semi-arid areas, surface crusting is a rather common phenomenon due to the impact of raindrops. Water infiltration measurements under ponding conditions are becoming largely applied techniques for an approximate characterization of crusted soils. In this study, the impact of crusting on soil hydraulic conductivity was assessed in a Mediterranean vineyard (western Sicily, Italy) under conventional tillage. The BEST (Beerkan Estimation of Soil Transfer parameters) algorithm was applied to the infiltration data to obtain the hydraulic conductivity of crusted and uncrusted soils. Soil hydraulic conductivity was found to vary during the year and also spatially (i.e., rows vs. interrows) due to crusting, tillage and vegetation cover. A 55 mm rainfall event resulted in a decrease of the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, Ks, by a factor of 1.6 in the inter-row areas, due to the formation of a crusted layer at the surface. The same rainfall event did not determine a Ks reduction in the row areas (i.e., Ks decreased by a non-significant factor of 1.05) because the vegetation cover intercepted the raindrops and therefore prevented alteration of the soil surface. The
developed ring insertion methodology on crusted soil, implying pre-moistening through the periphery of the sampled surface, together with the very small insertion depth of the ring (0.01 m), prevented visible fractures. Consequently, Beerkan tests carried out along and between the vine-rows and data analysis by the BEST algorithm allowed to assess crusting-dependent reductions in hydraulic conductivity with extemporaneous measurements alone. The reliability of the tested technique was also confirmed by the results of the numerical simulation of the infiltration process in a crusted soil. Testing the Beerkan infiltration run in other crusted soils and establishing comparisons with other experimental methodologies
appear advisable to increase confidence on the reliability of the method that seems suitable for simple characterization of crusted soils.
Epilepsia je chronické ochorenie, ktoré je často sprevádzané psychiatrickou komorbiditou. Najčastejšou z nich je depresia, ktorá je sprevádzaná subsyndromálnymi, atypickými a chronifikovanými príznakmi depresie. Incidencia depresie je u pacientov s epilepsiou vyššia ako u iných neurologických alebo chronických ochorení. Psychopatológia spojená s epilepsiou obťažuje pacienta častokrát viac ako samotné ochorenie. Cieľom práce je prezentácia a analýza kazuistiky 37-ročného muža s diagnózou epilepsie so sprievodnou psychiatrickou symptomatikou, ktorá znížila kvalitu jeho života oveľa viac ako samotné neurologické ochorenie. V kazuistike popisujeme klinické symptómy neuropsychiatrického ochorenia – epilepsie ako aj životné udalosti, ktoré sú u každého pacienta jedinečné a majú závažný vplyv na priebeh a liečbu epilepsie., Epilepsy is a chronic disease that is often accompanied by psychiatric comorbidity. The most frequent of them is depression accompanied by subsyndromic, chronic and atypical symptoms of depression. The incidence of depression in patients with epilepsy is higher than in other neurological or chronic diseases. Psychopathology associated with epilepsy often bothers the patient more than the disease itself. The aim of this work is to present and analyze a case report of a 37‑year‑old man diagnosed with epilepsy and associated psychiatric symptomatology that reduced his quality of life much more than the neurological disease itself. In this case report, we describe clinical symptoms of neuropsychiatric disease – epilepsy as well as life events that are unique to each patient and have a significant impact on the course and treatment of epilepsy. Key words: epilepsy – anxiety – depression – personality changes The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers., and J. Vančíková, A. Bednářová
Pozadie: Článok sa zaoberá vybranými aspektmi ústretovosti českého zdravotníckeho systému z pohľadu slovenských imigrantov so zameraním na dostupnosť zdravotnej starostlivosti a komunikáciu medzi pacientom a lekárom. Metódy: Kvalitatívna štúdia bola realizovaná prostredníctvom rozhovorov u 20 Slovákov žijúcich v Českej republike. Výsledky: Najväčšie prekážky pri čerpaní zdravotnej starostlivosti vidia respondenti v nedostatočnom počte registračných miest u lekárov primárnej starostlivosti. Naopak respondenti boli spokojní s prístupom českých lekárov. Závery: Pravdepodobným dôvodom ťažkostí slovenských imigrantov pri registrácii u lekárov primárnej starostlivosti je pracovná preťaženosť lekárov., Background: The article deals with selected aspects of health system responsiveness from the perspective of Slovak immigrants in the Czech Republic. It focuses on access to health care and communication between patient and physician. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted through interviews with 20 Slovaks living in the Czech Republic. Results: The biggest obstacles to health care receiving consist, according to respondents, in inadequate number of registration places at primary care physicians. However, respondents were satisfied with physician`s approach in the Czech Republic. Conclusions: The probable reason for the difficulties of Slovak immigrants during registration at primary care physicians is the work overload of physicians in the Czech Republic., Jana Gabrielová, Iva Brabcová, and Literatura
The paper sketches an analysis of the notion of a self-fulfilling belief in terms of doxastic modal logic. We point out a connection between self-fulfilling beliefs and Moore’s paradox. Then we look at self-fulfilling beliefs in the context of neighborhood semantics. We argue that the analysis of several interesting self-fulfilling beliefs has to make essential use of propositional quantification., Příspěvek načrtává analýzu pojmu sebe-naplňující víry v podmínkách doxastické modální logiky. Poukazujeme na souvislost mezi seberealizujícími se víry a Moorovým paradoxem. Pak se podíváme na sebe-naplňující přesvědčení v kontextu sémantiky sousedství. Tvrdíme, že analýza několika zajímavých sebe-naplňujících přesvědčení musí nezbytně využít výrokové kvantifikace., and Igor Sedlár
Cieľ: Cieľom štúdie realizovanej v rámci projektu podporeného APVV (Agentúra na podporu výskumu a vývoja) bola obsahová validácia ošetrovateľskej diagnózy Narušená pamäť a identifikácia definujúcich charakteristík v podmienkach českej a slovenskej praxe. Metodika: Na validáciu sme vybrali Diagnostic Content Validity Model (model DCV) podľa Fehringa. Za expertov sme považovali sestry, ktoré získali minimálne 4 body podľa modifikovaných Fehringových kritérií. Experti posudzovali významnosť definujúcich charakteristík ošetrovateľskej diagnózy v pripravenom validačnom hárku. Obsahoval 10 definujúcich charakteristík ošetrovateľskej diagnózy, 4 položky z nástroja MMSE (Folsteinov test, Mini-Mental State Examination) a 2 neutrálne položky. Súbor expertov tvorilo 94 českých a 154 slovenských sestier. Výsledky: Za hlavné definujúce charakteristiky (vážené skóre, VS viac ako 0,75) považovali experti tie, ktoré súvisia s jednotlivými fázami pamäti (recepcia, retencia, reprodukcia). V českom a slovenskom súbore expertov boli výsledky rovnaké a sú porovnateľné so zisteniami iných autorov. Záver: Experti nepovažovali všetky definujúce charakteristiky za rovnako významné, podobne ako v iných štúdiách v rámci projektu APVV. Určitý podiel zohralo zloženie samotného súboru expertov, ktorý naplnil iba spodnú hranicu kritérií na experta (6 bodov) a absencia štandardizovanej ošetrovateľskej terminológie v Českej a Slovenskej republike., Aim: The aim of this study (supported by project Slovak Research and Development Agency, SRDA) was to examine the content validity of nursing diagnosis Impaired Memory and to identify the defining characteristics in Czech and Slovak clinical practice. Methodology: Fehring’s Diagnostic Content Validity Model was used. Experts were nurses who achieve minimally the total number of 4 points according to modified Fehring’s criteria. Experts measured importance of diagnostic characteristics of Impaired Memory in validation form. It contained 10 defining characteristics of nursing diagnosis, 2 neutral characteristics and 4 items from MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) tool. Respondents were 94 Czech and 154 Slovak nurses. Results: Experts identically considered as main defining characteristics (weighted score more than 0,75), which consistent with memory phases (encoding, storage, retrieval). In Czech and Slovak data of respondents were results almost identical and are comparable with results another authors. Conclusion: Experts didn’t consider all defining characteristics as uniformly important, similarly as another SRDA studies. Particular influence had composite of respondents which had only minimal level of criteria for expert (6 points) and absence of standardize nursing terminology in Czech and Slovak Republic., Martina Tomagová, Ivana Bóriková, and Literatura