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792. Nejednoznačnost výrazu přirozeného jazyka při stejném významu jeho složek

Creator:
Materna, Pavel
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
construction, de dicto, de re, function, meaning, Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL), konstrukce, funkce, význam, and Transparentní Intenzionální Logika (TIL)
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Logical analysis of natural language (LANL) based on TIL defines meaning (Frege’s sense) in a procedural way, resulting in the following thesis: The meaning of an expression is independent of context. The meaning (in the case of non-indexical expressions concept) is thus an abstract procedure, which is explicated in TIL as (well-defined) construction. What does depend on context is the way in which the meaning has to be handled. From this viewpoint we can distinguish three kinds of context: (i) hyperintensional context; (ii) intensional context; (iii) extensional context., Logická analýza přirozeného jazyka (LANL) na základě TIL definuje význam (Fregeho smysl ) v procesním způsobem, což má za následek následující práce: Význam výrazu je nezávislá na kontextu . Význam (v případě konceptu neindexových výrazů ) je tedy abstraktním postupem, který je vysvětlen v TIL jako (dobře definovaná) konstrukce . To, co závisí na kontextu, je způsob, jakým je třeba tento význam řešit . Z tohoto pohledu můžeme rozlišit tři druhy kontextů: (i) hyperintenzionální kontext; ii) intenzivní souvislosti; iii) kontext prodloužení., and Pavel Materna
Rights:
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793. Nekorigovaná Fallotova tetralógia u 69-ročného pacienta

Creator:
Hučková, Naďa, Sekurisová, Katarína, Slezáková, Laura, Kusendová, Katarína, Zachar, Andrej, and Szántová, Mária
Format:
print, text, and regular print
Type:
model:article, article, Text, kazuistiky, and TEXT
Subject:
lidé, staří, mužské pohlaví, Fallotova tetralogie--diagnóza--patofyziologie--terapie, echokardiografie, rentgendiagnostika hrudníku, stenóza pulmonální chlopně--diagnóza, pleurální výpotek--diagnóza--etiologie--terapie, defekty komorového septa--diagnóza--etiologie, hypertrofie levé komory srdeční, perikardiální efúze--diagnóza--etiologie, fibrilace síní, furosemid--terapeutické užití, cyanóza--etiologie, and přežívající
Language:
Czech, Slovak, and English
Description:
Fallotova tetralógia (ToF) je najčastejšou cyanotickou vrodenou srdcovou chybou. Liečba tohto ochorenia je kardiochirurgická – kompletná korekcia už v detskom veku. Bez chirurgického zákroku sa len 10 % pacientov dožívalo 3. decénia a iba 3–5 % pacientov sa dožívalo viac ako 40 rokov. Opisujeme prípad 69-ročného pacienta s anamnézou nekorigovanej Fallotovej tetralógie – z dôvodu odmietavého postoja k chirurgickému riešeniu, chronického srdcového zlyhávania NYHA III–IV a chronickej obličkovej choroby, ktorý bol prijatý na internú kliniku pre niekoľkodňové bolesti na hrudníku s edémami predkolení a ponámahovou dýchavicou pri minimálnej námahe. Echokardiografickým vyšetrením sa zistila stenóza pľúcnice, ťažká trikuspidálna insuficiencia, koncentrická hypertrofia stien oboch komôr, defekt komorového septa, dextropozícia aorty a veľký cirkulárny perikadiálny výpotok. RTG hrudníka potvrdil masívny pravostranný pleurálny výpotok. Liečbou diuretikami, antiarytmikom a po realizácii pleurálnej punkcie sa stav pacienta významne zlepšil a bol prepustený domov. V literatúre popísané prípady nekorigovanej ToF u starších pacientov boli asociované s hypertrofiou ľavej komory (HĽK) a hypoplastickou pulmonálnou artériou s pomalým vývojom subpulmonálnej obštrukcie, ktoré sme zistili aj u nášho pacienta. HĽK sa v prípade nekorigovanej ToF môže postupne vyvinúť a jej priaznivý účinok sa môže prejaviť až v dospelosti., Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect. The actual treatment relies on cardio-surgery – complete correction within the infant age. Without surgery only 10 % of subjects survived 3rd decade and only 3–5 % of subjects were able to survive until their 40th. This particular paper is dedicated to case of a 69-years old male subject with positive history of uncorrected ToF due to his refusal of surgery, ischemic cardiac disease NYHA III–IV and chronic kidney failure. This subject was hospitalized within the department of internal medicine due to several days of chest pain connected with lower extremities oedemas and dyspnoeic syndrome after minimal physical load. Provided echocardiography revealed pulmonary artery stenosis, severe tricuspid insufficiency, concentric hypertrophy of ventricles, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of aorta and severe pericardial effusion. Chest X-ray proved massive pleura effussion. The actual conditions of subject improved significantly after onset of diuretics, antiarrhytmics and providing of pleural punction. Subject has been discharged. Cases of ToF presented within available sources in older population were associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and hypoplastic pulmonary artery and slow subpulmonal obstruction development which also presented within our subject. Left ventricular hypertrophy has a potential to develop continuously and therefore its benefits can be visible within adult age., and Naďa Hučková, Katarína Sekurisová, Laura Slezáková, Katarína Kusendová, Andrej Zachar, Mária Szántová
Rights:
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794. Některé aspekty pojmu Já ve filosofii mysli a v kognitivní vědě: primitivní Já a konceptuální Já

Creator:
Polák, Michal
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
primitive self, conceptual self, philosophy of mind, and cognitive science
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The origin, development and strengthening of our identity - that is our Self - is an important part of human life. Stability and variability of such Self are both aspects necessary to preserve the integrity and status of a person as psychological and social being. The mastering of our own Self is related to some interesting phenomena, discussed by current philosophy of mind and cognitive science. These research strategies deal with issues such as naturalization of Self (Dennett, Strawson), building up a theory of mind (Baron-Cohen) and the disconnective syndrome and its interpretation (Gazzaniga) among many others. This article reflects our current understanding of the Self, and takes into account some philosophical approaches, as well as some knowledge of modern cognitive science to show how the Self as a natural phenomenon can be understood. In its conclusion two conceptual levels of the Self are introduced: primitive Self and conceptual Self. These terms are intended to be the basis for the study of the Self as a natural phenomenon. and Michal Polák
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

795. Nemožný mravenec a konfúzní fikce

Creator:
Koťátko, Petr
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
contradiction, definite description, fictional character, fictional world, possibility, and pretense
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The paper reacts on Pavel Cmorej’s analysis of sentences of the form (ιx)Φ(x) is C, focusing on the case where ''C'' stands for ''impossible''. The author agrees with Cmorej’s conclusion that in such a context the modal term applies on the meaning of the description, classifying it as unable to provide a procedure which would lead to identifying an individual (as a unique bearer of the property (λx)Φ(x) in some world and time). He questions Cmorej’s example of impossibility based on contradiction from the sphere of literary fiction, examines various ways in which the constitution of a literary character may impose (or seem to impose) incompatible demands on the reader, requiring her to ''think impossible'', and suggests a way of avoiding some confusions widespread in this field. and Petr Koťátko
Rights:
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796. Neoadjuvantná liečba karcinómov prsníka

Creator:
Wagnerová, Mária
Format:
braille, text, and regular print
Type:
model:article, article, Text, přehledy, and TEXT
Subject:
lidé, ženské pohlaví, nádory prsu--farmakoterapie--chirurgie--patologie, neoadjuvantní terapie--metody, kombinovaná farmakoterapie--metody, antitumorózní látky--terapeutické užití, protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie--terapeutické užití, cílená molekulární terapie--metody, receptor erbB-2--analýza, nádorové biomarkery--analýza, taxoidy--terapeutické užití, prognóza, inhibitory aromatázy--terapeutické užití, indukce remise, monoklonální protilátky--terapeutické užití, monoklonální protilátky humanizované--terapeutické užití, and trastuzumab
Language:
Czech, Slovak, and English
Description:
Karcinóm prsníka je príkladom rýchleho rozvoja vedeckých poznatkov, začínajúc od molekulárnej diagnostiky a končiac cielenou liečbou na molekulárnej úrovni. Neoadjuvantná chemoterapia je indikovaná u veľmi heterogénnej skupiny nádorov. O type liečby rozhoduje nielen biologická variabilita (stav receptorov, stav HER-2), ale tiež individuálna variabilita (PS, vek, komorbidita, rozsah ochorenia). Primárna systémová liečba (neoadjuvantná, indukčná, iniciálna) je dnes štandardná pre lokálne pokročilé nádory a niektoré vybrané operabilné typy karcinómov prsníka. Pre neuspokojivú liečebnú odpoveď sa hľadajú nové režimy s iným konceptom dávkovej intenzity, denzity, sekvencie. V neoadjuvancii je možné využiť všetky necielené aj cielené liečebné metódy na podklade výsledkov mnohých klinických štúdií., Breast cancer is a model of quickly development scientific knowledges begining from molecular diagnostic and termination with targeted therapies on the molecular level. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is indicated for very heterogeneous group of tumours. Treatment type is decided not only by biologic variability (receptor status, HER-2 status) but with individual variability (PS, comorbidity, extent of illness). Primary systemic treatment (neoadjuvant, induction, inicials) is standard treatment for locally advanced tumor and for some eligible type of surgery breast cancer, too. If treatment response is not satisfied it is necessary to look for new treatment regimens with different concept of dose intensity, density and sequence of treatment. In the neoadjuvant setting it is possible to employ all targeted and non-targeted therapies as was shown in a number of clinical trials., Mária Wagnerová, and Literatura 39
Rights:
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797. Neobvyklé prípady hypoglykémie – hypoglycaemia factitia

Creator:
Mokáň, Michal, Galajda, Peter, and Mokáň, Marián
Format:
print, text, and regular print
Type:
model:article, article, Text, přehledy, and TEXT
Subject:
lidé, Münchhausenův syndrom--diagnóza--psychologie, hypoglykemie--diagnóza--chemicky indukované--psychologie, hypoglykemika--škodlivé účinky, diferenciální diagnóza, sebepoškozování, inzulin--škodlivé účinky, inzulinom--diagnóza, diabetes mellitus 1. typu--psychologie, and sulfonylmočovinové sloučeniny--škodlivé účinky
Language:
Czech, Slovak, and English
Description:
Hypoglycaemia factitia znamená i v dnešnej dobe v medicínskej klinickej praxi závažný diagnostický a terapeu­tický problém, pričom mnohokrát sa opakujúce epizódy závažnej hypoglykémie u pacientov s diabetes mellitus, ale aj u nediabetikov môže byť veľmi náročné objasniť. Prvotná neúspešná diagnostika, vyplývajúca z nesprávne zvoleného vyšetrovacieho algoritmu, môže vyústiť k neindikovaným chirurgickým intervenciám, ako sú laparotómia, resp. pankreatektómia. Hypoglycaemia factitia je považovaná za jednu z mnohých manifestácii tzv. Münch­hausenovho syndrómu, pre ktorý je napr. typické konanie diabetického pacienta s cieľom úmyselného navodenia hypoglykémie alebo v rámci suicidálneho pokusu dôsledkom psychického ochorenia s úmyslom upútania pozornosti okolitého prostredia, či už s pomocou aplikácie inzulínu alebo požitím derivátov sulfonylurey. Diagnostický a s ním spätý terapeutický proces môže byť v prípade hypoglycaemia factitia extrémne náročný, tak ako z časového, tak i zo zdravotného a ekonomického hľadiska, a preto je potrebné k nemu pristupovať maximálne zodpovedne. Kľúčové slová: diabetes mellitus – hypoglycaemia factitia – Münchhausenov syndróm, Hypoglycaemia factitia means also in recent time serious diagnostic and therapeutic problem in medical clinical practice, whereby often repeating episodes of serious hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes mellitus, but also in patients without diabetes mellitus could be very difficult do resolve. First unsuccessful diagnosis implicit from wrong chose of examination algorithm, can lead to unidentified surgical interventions as are laparotomy and pancreatectomy, respectively. Hypoglycaemia factitia is considered to be one of many manifestations of so called Münch­hausen’s syndrome for that is typical acting of diabetic patient with goal to intentionally making hypoglycaemia or within suicidal attempt of patient on the basis psychological disease with intention to attract attention of surrounding community to himself due to application of insulin or sulfonylurea drugs. Diagnostic and therapeutic process could be in the case of hypoglycaemia factitia extremely difficult as from time side, than from health and also from economical side and that why necessary to approach with maximum responsibility. Key words: diabetes mellitus – hypoglycaemia factitia – Münchhausen’s syndrome, and Michal Mokáň, Peter Galajda, Marián Mokáň
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

798. New features of version 3 of the HYDRUS (2D/3D) computer software package

Creator:
Šimůnek, Jiří, Šejna, Miroslav, and van Genuchten, Martinus Th.
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
HYDRUS, reservoir boundary condition, pumping well, root growth, and graphical user interface
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The capabilities of the HYDRUS-1D and HYDRUS (2D/3D) software packages continuously expanded during the last two decades. Various new capabilities were added recently to both software packages, mostly by developing new standard add-on modules such as HPx, C-Ride, UnsatChem, Wetland, Fumigant, DualPerm, and Slope Stability. The new modules may be used to simulate flow and transport processes in one- and two-dimensional transport domains and are fully supported by the HYDRUS graphical user interface (GUI). Several nonstandard add-on modules, such as Overland, Isotope, and Centrifuge, have also been developed, but are not fully supported by the HYDRUS GUI. The objective of this manuscript is to describe several additional features of the upcoming Version 3 of HYDRUS (2D/3D), which was unveiled at a recent (March 2017) HYDRUS conference and workshop in Prague. The new features include a flexible reservoir boundary condition, expanded root growth features, and new graphical capabilities of the GUI. Mathematical descriptions of the new features are provided, as well as two examples illustrating applications of the reservoir boundary condition.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

799. Nežiadúce účinky antikoagulačnej liečby a reverzná liečba pri nových perorálnych antikoagulanciách (NOAK)

Creator:
Nehaj, F., Mokáň, Michal, Stančík, Matej, Michalová, R., Galajda, Peter, and Mokáň, Marián
Format:
print, text, and regular print
Type:
model:article, article, Text, abstrakt z konference, and TEXT
Language:
Czech and Slovak
Description:
F. Nehaj, Michal Mokáň, M. Stančík, R. Michalová, P. Galajda, Marián Mokáň
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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