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1732. Factors controlling alterations in the performance of a runoff model in changing climate conditions
- Creator:
- Sleziak, Patrik, Ján, Hlavčová, Doris, Duethmann, Doris, Parajka, Juraj, and Danko, Michal
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- climate change, efficiency of runoff model, TUW model, regression trees, and Austria
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In many Austrian catchments in recent decades an increase in the mean annual air temperature and precipitation has been observed, but only a small change in the mean annual runoff. The main objective of this paper is (1) to analyze alterations in the performance of a conceptual hydrological model when applied in changing climate conditions and (2) to assess the factors and model parameters that control these changes. A conceptual rainfall-runoff model (the TUW model) was calibrated and validated in 213 Austrian basins from 1981–2010. The changes in the runoff model’s efficiency have been compared with changes in the mean annual precipitation and air temperature and stratified for basins with dominant snowmelt and soil moisture processes. The results indicate that while the model’s efficiency in the calibration period has not changed over the decades, the values of the model’s parameters and hence the model’s performance (i.e., the volume error and the runoff model’s efficiency) in the validation period have changed. The changes in the model’s performance are greater in basins with a dominant soil moisture regime. For these basins, the average volume error which was not used in calibration has increased from 0% (in the calibration periods 1981–1990 or 2001–2010) to 9% (validation period 2001–2010) or –8% (validation period 1981–1990), respectively. In the snow-dominated basins, the model tends to slightly underestimate runoff volumes during its calibration (average volume error = –4%), but the changes in the validation periods are very small (i.e., the changes in the volume error are typically less than 1–2%). The model calibrated in a colder decade (e.g., 1981–1990) tends to overestimate the runoff in a warmer and wetter decade (e.g., 2001–2010), particularly in flatland basins. The opposite case (i.e., the use of parameters calibrated in a warmer decade for a colder, drier decade) indicates a tendency to underestimate runoff. A multidimensional analysis by regression trees showed that the change in the simulated runoff volume is clearly related to the change in precipitation, but the relationship is not linear in flatland basins. The main controlling factor of changes in simulated runoff volumes is the magnitude of the change in precipitation for both groups of basins. For basins with a dominant snowmelt runoff regime, the controlling factors are also the wetness of the basins and the mean annual precipitation. For basins with a soil moisture regime, landcover (forest) plays an important role.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
1733. Factualism and anti-descriptivism: a challenge to the materialist criterion of fundamentality
- Creator:
- Castro, Víctor Fernández
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- descriptivism, factualism, fundamental categories, and mental vocabulary
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Inspired by the work of Sellars, Cumpa (2014, 2018) and Buonomo (2021) have argued that we can evaluate our metaphysical proposals on fundamental categories in terms of their capacity for reconciling the scientific and the manifest image of the world. This criterion of fundamentality would allow us to settle the question of which categories among those proposed in the debate—e.g., substance, structure or facts—have a better explanatory value. The aim of this essay is to argue against a central assumption of the criterion: semantic descriptivism. Specifically, I aim at showing that the criterion rests on the idea that the manifest picture is mostly a description of the world, and thus, it commits us with certain realism. Instead, I argue that at least some of the vocabulary we use to construct our manifest picture of the world, mental vocabulary, is evaluative rather than descriptive and thus creates problems in reconciling the manifest picture with scientific psychology and neurosciences. I conclude with some remarks on alternatives that could provide a way out of the fundamentality criterion.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
1734. Faktografia (stručné dejiny slovenskej sociálnej demokracie vo faktoch) /
- Creator:
- Hotár, Viliam S.,
- Type:
- text and přehledy
- Subject:
- Politické strany a hnutí, strany politické, demokracie sociální, Slovensko 1848-1918, Československo 1918-1992, and politické strany a hnutí, volby
- Language:
- Slovak
- Rights:
- unknown
1735. Faktory ovplyvňujúce dynamiku plavenín počas zrážkovoodtokových udalostí na malom povodí
- Creator:
- Bača, Peter
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- suspended sediment dynamics, hysteresis, sediment availability, sediment supply, dynamika plavenín, hysteréza, dostupnosť sedimentov, and postupný prísun sedimentov
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Suspended sediment dynamics during hydrological events influenced by rainstorms and factors controlling changes in sediment dynamics were investigated in a small basin scale, since small basins can be considered as one of the most important sediment sources. The study focuses on the agricultural microbasin Rybárik, near Považská Bystrica (Western Slovakia). Suspended sediment concentrations were measured during discharge waves in the years 1987-1990, 1992, 2000 and 2001. The behaviour of suspended sediments in watercourses is not only a function of energy conditions, but also a function of sediment availability. The variations in sediment supply and sediment depletion result in so-called hysteresis effects. Thus, suspended sediment concentrations at rising and falling limbs are different for equal discharges. Positive and anti-clockwise hysteresis was observed at Rybárik basin. The procedure of separation of factors controlling sediment dynamics has given more realistic view on production and transport of suspended sediments. It is confirmed that spatial and temporal variability of sediment availability and suspended sediment dilution by the baseflow, mainly in the case of two or more waves following one after another control significantly suspended sediment dynamics. and Keďže malé povodia možno považovať za jeden z hlavných zdrojov sedimentov, na malom povodí bol skúmaný režim plavenín počas hydrologických udalostí spôsobených prívalovými zrážkami, a faktory ovplyvňujúce zmeny v dynamike plavenín. Štúdia bola vykonaná na poľnohospodárskom mikropovodí Rybárik pri Považskej Bystrici. Koncentrácie plavenín boli merané počas prietokových vĺn v rokoch 1987- 1990, 1992, 2000 a 2001. Režim plavenín vo vodných tokoch nie je funkciou len transportnej kapacity toku, ale aj dostupnosti sedimentov. Zmeny v zásobovaní a vyčerpávaní sedimentov spôsobujú tzv. hysterézny efekt. To znamená, že koncentrácie plavenín na stúpajúcej a klesajúcej vetve vlny sú rozdielne pri tých istých prietokoch. V povodí Rybárik bola pozorovaná pozitívna aj opačná hysteréza. Postup izolovania faktorov, ktoré ovplyvňujú dynamiku plavenín, prináša reálnejší obraz o tvorbe a transporte plavenín. Ukazuje sa, že zrieďovanie koncentrácií plavenín základným odtokom a časová a priestorová heterogenita územia z hľadiska dostupnosti sedimentov, predovšetkým v situácii tesne za sebou nasledujúcich prívalových vĺn, sa významne podieľajú na celkovej dynamike plavenín.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
1736. Falsificationism and the pragmatic problem of induction
- Creator:
- Frederick, Danny
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- conjecture, falsification, induction, Karl Popper, pragmatic problem of induction, and rational action
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- I explain how Karl Popper resolved the problem of induction but not the pragmatic problem of induction. I show that Popper's proposed solution to the pragmatic problem of induction is inconsistent with his solution to the problem of induction. I explain how Popper’s falsificationist epistemology can solve the pragmatic problem of induction in the same negative way that it solves the problem of induction.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
1737. Farské knižnice trnavského regiónu v minulosti a prítomnosť /
- Creator:
- Dobrotková, Marta,
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- Knihovny, knihovny církevní, farnosti slovenské, knihovny slovenské, přehledná zpracování slovenských dějin (chronologicky), církevní a náboženské dějiny, and zahraniční knihovnictví
- Language:
- Slovak
- Rights:
- unknown
1738. Fascinácia špirálou. Depot medených ozdobných predmetov zo staršieho eneolitu z Hrádku, okr. Nové Mesto nad Váhom /
- Creator:
- Novotná, Mária,
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- Pravěk, eneolit, archeologie, nálezy, měď, depoty, šperky, and Slovensko v eneolitu
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- The fascination of spirals. An Early Eneolithic hoard of decorative copper artefacts near Hrádok, West Slovakia.
- Rights:
- unknown
1739. Fašistický mýtus znovuzrodenia v kontexte ideológie Národnej obce fašistickej a Rodobrany /
- Creator:
- Hruboň, Anton,
- Type:
- text and studie
- Subject:
- Dějiny Česka a Slovenska, ideologie fašistická, historiografie, Národní obec fašistická, organizace fašistické, fašismus slovenský, Československo 1918-1945, dějiny ideí, ideologie, and politické dějiny, politici
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Fascist Myth of Rebirth in the Context of Ideology of the National Fascist Community and the Nation's Defense.
- Rights:
- unknown
1740. Faultless disagreement contextualism
- Creator:
- Davies, Alex
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- disagreement, faultless disagreement, instrumental reasons, and objectivity
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- It is widely assumed that the possibility of faultless disagreement is to be explained by the peculiar semantics and/or pragmatics of special kinds of linguistic construction. For instance, if A asserts “o is F” and B asserts this sentence’s denial, A and B can disagree faultlessly only if they employ the right kind of predicate as their “F”. In this paper, I present an argument against this assumption. Focusing on the special case when the expression of interest is a predicate, I present a series of examples in which the same pairs of sentences are employed, but in different contexts. In some cases, we get an impression of faultless disagreement and in some cases we don’t. I identify a pattern across these contexts and conclude that faultless disagreement is made possible, not by a special kind of predicate, but instead by a special kind of context.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public