This paper deals with the problem of semantic analysis of contexts involving so-called anaphoric chain. The notion of anaphoric chain is explained by way of an example. Afterwards, a semantic analysis of sentences containing anaphora established in Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) is examined. It is demonstrated that it is not adequate for texts including anaphoric chains. An alternative method using TIL that is capable to deal with all kinds of anaphora is proposed. Anyway, one may raise doubts as to whether both approaches are really analyses of anaphorically used expressions., Článek se zabývá problematikou sémantické analýzy kontextů zahrnujících tzv. Anaforický řetězec . Pojem anaforický řetězec je vysvětlen na příkladu. Následně je zkoumána sémantická analýza vět obsahujících anaforu vytvořených v transparentní intenzivní logice (TIL). Je prokázáno, že není vhodný pro texty obsahující anaforické řetězce. Navrhuje se alternativní metoda používající TIL, která je schopna se vypořádat se všemi druhy anafor. V každém případě lze pochybovat, zda jsou oba přístupy skutečně analýzou anaforicky používaných výrazů., and Miloš Kosterec
Several quite severe droughts occurred in Europe in the 21st century; three of them (2003, 2012 and 2015) hit also Slovakia. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were used for assessment of meteorological drought occurrence. The research was established on discharge time series representing twelve river basins in Slovakia within the period 1981–2015. Sequent Peak Algorithm method based on fixed threshold, three parametric Weibull and generalized extreme values distribution GEV, factor and multiple regression analyses were employed to evaluate occurrence and parameters of hydrological drought in 2003, 2011–2012 and 2015, and the relationship among the water balance components. Results showed that drought parameters in evaluated river basins of Slovakia differed in respective years, most of the basins suffered more by 2003 and 2012 drought than by the 2015 one. Water balance components analysis for the entire period 1931–2016 showed that because of contin
We analyse water balance, hydrological response, runoff and snow cover characteristics in the Jalovecký Creek catchment (area 22 km2, mean elevation 1500 m a.s.l.), Slovakia, in hydrological years 1989–2018 to search for changes in hydrological cycle of a mountain catchment representing hydrology of the highest part of the Western Carpathians. Daily air temperature data from two meteorological stations located in the studied mountain range (the Tatra Mountains) at higher elevations show that the study period is 0.1°C to 2.4°C warmer than the climatic standard period 1951–1980. Precipitation and snow depth data from the same stations do not allow to conclude if the study period is wetter/drier or has a decreasing snow cover. Clear trends or abrupt changes in the analysed multivariate hydrometric data time series are not obvious and the oscillations found in catchment runoff are not coherent to those found in catchment precipitation and air temperature. Several time series (flashiness index, number of flow reversals, annual and seasonal discharge maxima, runoff coefficients) indicate that hydrological cycle is more dynamic in the last years of the study period and more precipitation runs off since 2014. The snow cover characteristics and climatic conditions during the snow accumulation and melting period do not indicate pronounced changes (except the number of days with snowfall at the Kasprowy Wierch station since 2011). However, some data series (e.g. flow characteristics in March and June, annual versus summer runoff coefficients since 2014) suggest the changes in the cold period of the year.
δ18O in precipitation at station Liptovský Mikuláš (about 8.5 km south from the outlet of the Jalovecký Creek catchment) remains constantly higher since 2014 that might be related to greater evaporation in the region of origin of the air masses bringing precipitation to the studied part of central Europe. Increased δ18O values are reflected also in the Jalovecký Creek catchment runoff. Seasonality of δ18O in the Jalovecký Creek became less pronounced since 2014. The most significant trends found in annual hydrological data series from the catchment in the study period 1989–2018 have the correlation coefficients 0.4 to 0.7. These trends are found in the number of flow reversals (change from increasing to decreasing discharge and vice versa), June low flow, number of simple runoff events in summer months (June to September) and the flashiness index. The attribution analysis suggests that drivers responsible for the changes in these data series include the number of periods with precipitation six and more days long, total precipitation amount in February to June, number of days with precipitation in June to September and total precipitation in May on days with daily totals 10 mm and more, respectively. The coefficients of determination show that linear regressions between the drivers and supposedly changed data series explain only about 31% to 36% of the variability. Most of the change points detected in the time series by the Wild Binary Segmentation method occur in the second and third decades of the study period. Both hydrometric and isotopic data indicate that hydrological cycle in the catchment after 2014 became different than before.
This paper presents the results of testing the applicability of the MIKE Basin model for simulating the efficiency of scenarios for reducing water pollution. The model has been tested on the Olšava River Basin (520 km2 ) which is a typical rural region with a heterogeneous mix of pollution sources with variable topography and land use. The study proved that the model can be calibrated successfully using even the limited amount of data typically available in rural basins. The scenarios of pollution reduction were based on implementation and intensification of municipal wastewater treatment and conversion of arable land on fields under the risk of soil erosion to permanent grassland. The application of simulation results of these scenarios with proposed measures proved decreasing concentrations in downstream monitoring stations. Due to the practical applicability of proposed measures, these could lead to fulfilment of the water pollution limits required by the Czech and EU legislation. However, there are factors of uncertainty that are discussed that may delay or limit the effect of adopted measures in small rural basins.
The Peak Over Threshold Method (POT) was used as an alternative technique to the traditional analysis of annual discharge maxima of the Danube River. The POT method was applied to a time-series of daily discharge values covering a period of 60 years (1931-1990) at the following gauge stations: Achleiten, Kienstock, Wien, Bratislava and Nagymaros. The first part of the paper presents the use of the POT method and how it was applied to daily discharges. All mean daily discharges exceeding a defined threshold were considered in the POT analysis. Based on the POT waves independence criteria the maximum daily discharge data were selected. Two theoretical log-normal (LN) and Log-Pearson III (LP3) distributions were used to calculate the probability of exceeding annual maximum discharges. Performance of the POT method was compared to the theoretical distributions (LN, LP3). The influence of the data series length on the estimation of the N-year discharges by POT method was carried out too. Therefore, with regard to later regulations along the Danube channel bank the 40, 20 and 10-year time data series were chosen in early of the 60-year period and second analysed time data series were selected from the end of the 60-year period. Our results suggest that the POT method can provide adequate and comparable estimates of N-year discharges for more stations with short temporal coverage. and Príspevok sa zaoberá analýzou extrémnych hydrologických udalostí na Dunaji metódou Peak Over Threshold (POT). Metóda POT sa používa ako alternatíva určovania N-ročných prietokov k metóde ročných maxím pri analýzach extrémnych hydrologických udalostí. Pre výskyt vrcholových prietokov sa zvyčajne predpokladá Poissonova distribúcia. Základnými vstupnými údajmi pre štatistickú analýzu sú 60-ročné časové rady priemerných denných prietokov a 60-ročné rady maximálnych ročných prietokov v nami zvolených staniciach: Achleiten, Kienstock, Viedeň, Bratislava a Nagymaros - za obdobie 1931-1990. Extrémne hydrologické udalosti na Dunaji boli analyzované metódou POT, ktorá zahŕňa všetky maximálne denné prietoky povodní za dané obdobie, presahujúce zvolenú prahovú hodnotu. Na zostavenie teoretickej čiary prekročenia boli vybrané dve teoretické rozdelenia pravdepodobnosti: logaritmicko-normálne rozdelenie (LN) a Pearsonovo rozdelenie III. typu (LP III). Druhým cieľom príspevku bolo analyzovať vplyv zmeny dĺžky časového radu na odhad N-ročných prietokov. V práci boli 60-ročné časové rady údajov skrátené na 40, 20 a 10-ročné rady. V závere sme porovnali a zhodnotili získané výsledky štatistických odhadov N-ročných prietokov vo zvolených staniciach. Z výsledkov analýzy vyplýva, že metóda POT dáva pomerne dobré odhady N-ročných prietokov aj pre krátke časové rady údajov.
Soil and groundwater salinization are major problems for irrigated agriculture in many arid and semiarid areas of the world. Studies addressing such problems require accurate estimation of salt loadings from irrigated areas through the vadose zone to underlying groundwater. We studied Cl- transport in the vadose zone at 45 locations in a field in the San Joaquin Valley, California, through a combination of soil sampling at six depths (0-1.8 m) and numerical modeling using a coupled water flow and solute transport code (Unsatchem). Our purpose was to assess water and salt loadings from the heterogeneous field to groundwater over a two-year period, and to test applicability of the code to the data. Soil sampling in November, 1995, defined the initial water content and the Cl- concentration, and the soil hydraulic properties. Four more sampling periods, ending in November 1997, provided data for evaluating model performance. Cl- distributions in 1997 exhibited a variety of shapes including monotonically increasing or decreasing distributions versus depth, and profiles with maxima or and sigmoidal shapes. The standard modeling approach, based on the Richards equation and the convection-dispersion equation, predicted more Cl- leaching than was observed in the field. Somewhat improved predictions were obtained when the potential transpiration rate was increased by a factor of 1.5. Better leaching predictions were also obtained when the model included separate mobile and immobile water fractions, mostly by improving the profile shapes. Our study shows the importance of accurate descriptions of the lower boundary conditions, spatial variability in the water infiltration rate, and estimation of soil surface evaporation and transpiration rates. and Zasoľovanie pôdy a podzemných vôd sú hlavnými problémami pôdohospodárstva v závlahových podmienkach v mnohých arídnych a semiarídnych oblastiach sveta. Štúdie, ktoré riešia podobné problémy, vyžadujú si presné určenie zaťaženia soľami zo závlah, ktoré prechádzajú nenasýtenou oblasťou pôdy do podzemných vôd. V tejto štúdii sa zaoberáme transportom Cl- v nenasýtenej oblasti pôdy v 45 lokalitách v San Joaquin Valley, California, využívajúc kombináciu odberu vzoriek pôdy v šiestich hĺbkach (0–1.8 m) a numericakým modelovaním s využitím simulačného modelu kombinovaného transportu vody a rozpustených látok (solí) (Unsatchem). Cieľom je určenie priesaku vody a rozpustených látok z heterogénneho poľa do podzemných vôd počas dvojročného obdobia a testovanie použiteľnosti uvedeného modelu vzhľadom k vstupným hodnotám. Zo vzoriek pôdy, odobratých v novembri 1995 bolo určené počiatočné rozdelenie vlhkosti pôdy a koncentrácia Cl- , ako aj hydraulické vlastnosti pôdy. Štyri ďalšie termíny odberov, končiac v novembri 1997, poskytli údaje pre overenie modelu. Rozdelenie Cl- v roku 1997 sa vyznačovalo rozdieľnosťou tvarov, vrátane monotónne klesajúceho alebo stúpajúceho rozdelenia koncentrácií v závislosti na hĺbke, ako aj profilmi s maximom, alebo aj sigmoidálneho tvaru. Štandardný modelový prístup, založený na Richardsovej rovnici a konvektívno-disperznej rovnici, predpovedal viac vyplaveného Clako bolo pozorované v poli. O niečo lepšie výsledky boli dosiahnuté, ak sa potenciálna transpirácia zvýšila 1,5-násobne. Lepšie výsledky v prognóze vyplavovania solí boli dosiahnuté, ak model obsahoval separátne mobilnú a imobilnú vodu, predpovšetkým zlepšením tvarov vertikálnych rozdelení koncentrácií chlóru. V tejto štúdii bolo ukázané, aké je dôležité presné určenie dolných okrajových podmienok, priestorovej variability rýchlosti infiltrácie, ako aj určenie výparu z povrchu pôdy a transpirácie.
The detailed analysis of individual flood event elements, including peak discharge (Q), flood event volume (V), and flood event duration (D), is an important step for improving our understanding of complex hydrological processes. More than 2,500 flood events were defined based on the annual maximum (AM) peak discharge from 50 Slovenian gauging stations with catchment areas of between 10 and 10,000 km2 . After baseflow separation, the stations were clustered into homogeneous groups and the relationships between the flood event elements and several catchment characteristics were assessed. Different types of flood events were characteristic of different groups. The flashiness of the stream is significantly connected with mean annual precipitation and location of the station. The results indicate that some climatic factors like mean annual precipitation and catchment related attributes as for example catchment area have notable influence on the flood event elements. When assessing the dependency between the pairs of flood event elements (Q, V, D), the highest correlation coefficients were obtained for the Q-V pair. The smallest correlations or no correlations were observed between the Q and D variables.
This paper deals with some ways of carrying out an analysis of a flood event using the KINFIL hydrological model on small catchments where both land use and management play a significant role, and where these human activities can influence design discharges. The combination of GIS techniques with the KINFIL model, which is conceived on physically based infiltration approach and on a kinematic wave transformation of direct runoff, provides a tool for analysing historical rainfall-runoff events, for assessing design discharges, and for simulating some hypothetical flood scenarios. KINFIL is a complex model using the correspondence of Curve Number (CN) with soil parameters and the correspondence of kinematic wave transformation with the physiographical parameters of the Všeminka catchment in Eastern Moravia (Czech Republic), which was used in the tests. Two versions of the KINFIL model (KINFIL1, KINFIL2) were implemented. The infiltration part of the model is the same in both versions. KINFIL 1 assumes a more schematic geometrization of the catchment topography, distributing the catchment area to a V-shaped form in which a main channel collects direct runoff from both side planes or segments. This is not fully in accord with the topography of the sub-catchment. KINFIL 2 is a more sophisticated version, where the topography is GIS-organized, taking fully into account the river network and its corresponding sub-catchment division. The latter version is geographically (and also physically) better based, and the results of the simulation of the July 1997 flood waves in the Vseminka experimental catchment fit better with the observed waves. All the topographical and morphological data were analysed and prepared for the KINFIL model (particularly for the KINFIL 2 version), using GIS facilities. Thus the KINFIL 2 version can be applied in future for design discharge assessment when simulating scenarios of various land uses expressing the model parameters. and Příspěvek analyzuje povodňové případy implementace hydrologického modelu KINFIL, používaného na malých povodích, kde hospodárské využití pozemku a antropogenní vlivy hrají podstatnou roli. Záměrem příspevku je informovat o možnostech využití GIS při fragmentaci malých povodí za účelem zpřesnění vstupních dat pro hydrologický model KINFIL. Kombinace GIS a KINFIL, který je fyzikálně založen na teorii infiltrace a transformace přímého odtoku kinematickou vlnou, poskytuje nástroj pro analýzu jak historických srážko-odtokových případů, tak hypotetických scénářových simulací. Model KINFIL využívá dříve odvozených vztahů mezi hodnotami čísel odtokových křivek CN a „koncepčních“ půdních parametrů (nasycené hydraulické vodivosti a sorptivity) spolu s parametry transformace na testovaném povodí Všeminky na východní Morave. Byly testovány dvě modelové verze: KINFIL 1 a KINFIL 2. Infiltrační část modelu je v obou verzích stejná. Verze KINFIL 1 je založena na schematické geometrizaci, kde povodí je V-tvaru a do hlavního toku je sváděn přímý odtok zobou stran z paralelně uspořádaných desek a každá z těchto desek je sériově (kaskádově) členěna podle sklonu svahů. Takto definované desky ale nemusí plně respektovat členění na subpovodí. Naproti tomu nový přístup KINFIL 2, který za účelem fragmentace povodí využívá prostředků GIS, plně respektuje průběh říční sítě povodí a její členění na subpovodí. Základem pro získání požadovaných parametrů modelu KINFIL 2 je digitální model reliéfu terénu (DEM). Tato verze je geograficky lépe založená a výsledky simulovaných průtoků povodně z července 1997 na experimentálním povodí Všeminky se lépe shodují s průtoky měřenými.
The analysis of in situ measurements of velocity distribution in the floodplain of the lowland river has been carried out. The survey area was located on a bypass channel of the Warta River (West of Poland) which is filled with water only in case of flood waves. The floodplain is covered by grassland and reed marsh habitats. The velocity measurements were performed with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) in a cross-section with a bed reinforced with concrete slabs. The measured velocities have reflected the differentiated impact of various vegetation types on the loss of water flow energy. The statistical analyses have proven a relationship between the local velocities and the type of plant communities.