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29772. Spasení těl: Medicínsko-průmyslový komplex nás vidí
- Creator:
- Komárek , Stanislav
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
29773. Spathebothriidea: survey of species, scolex and egg morphology, and interrelationships of a non-segmented, relictual tapeworm group (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda)
- Creator:
- Kuchta, Roman, Pearson, Rebecca, Scholz, Tomáš, Ditrich, Oleg, and Olson, Peter D.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Eucestoda, taxonomy, scanning electron microscopy, 28S rDNA, 18S rDNA, ITS2, phylogenetic relationships, and distribution
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Tapeworms of the order Spathebothriidea Wardle et McLeod, 1952 (Cestoda) are reviewed. Molecular data made it possible to assess, for the first time, the phylogenetic relationships of all genera and to confirm the validity of Bothrimonus Duvernoy, 1842, Diplocotyle Krabbe, 1874 and Didymobothrium Nybelin, 1922. A survey of all species considered to be valid is provided together with new data on egg and scolex morphology and surface ultrastructure (i.e. microtriches). The peculiar morphology of the members of this group, which is today represented by five effectively monotypic genera whose host associations and geographical distribution show little commonality, indicate that it is a relictual group that was once diverse and widespread. The order potentially represents the earliest branch of true tapeworms (i.e. Eucestoda) among extant forms.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
29774. Spatial and temporal distribution of snow cover in the upper Hron River basin in hydrological years 1962-2001
- Creator:
- Pecusova, Zuzana, Holko, Ladislav, and Kostka, Zdeno
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- snow water equivalent, spatial and temporal distribution, snow accumulation and melt modelling, climate change, vodná hodnota snehu, priestorové a časové rozdelenie, modelovanie akumulácie a topenia snehu, and klimatická zmena
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- The paper presents the results of analysis of temporal and spatial changes of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the mountain basin of the upper Hron River over 40 hydrological years. Spatial distribution of SWE was simulated with the WaSiM model. Measured as well as simulated data indicated despite large temporal variations of SWE, the period since the mid-1980-ties seems to have less snow than the previous decades. Simulations indicated pronounced decrease of SWE in the southern part of the basin. Changes of SWE in the highest mountains were not so pronounced. The analysis of previous decades is considered to be the first step in the assessment of impacts of expected climate changes in the future. and Príspevok je venovaný analýze časových a priestorových zmien vodnej hodnoty snehovej pokrývky v povodí horného Hrona za obdobie 40 rokov (hydrologické roky 1962-2001). Priestorové rozdelenie vodnej hodnoty snehu bolo simulované modelom WaSiM. Napriek veľkej variabilite vodnej hodnoty merané aj simulované údaje ukazujú, že od polovice 80-tych rokov 20. storočia došlo v povodí k poklesu vodnej hodnoty snehu. Výsledky simulácie priestorového rozdelenia vodnej hodnoty poukazujú na výrazný pokles najmä v južnej časti povodia. Zmeny vodnej hodnoty v najvyšších častiach povodia v jeho severnej oblasti neboli také dramatické. Analýza časových a najmä priestorových zmien vodnej hodnoty snehu za posledné dekády je prvým krokom pri odhade dopadu možnej zmeny klímy na budúce zmeny snehovej pokrývky.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
29775. Spatial and temporal informations from the cardiac electric field
- Creator:
- Schubert, E.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- cardiac electric field, body surface mapping, heart rate variability, and heart excitation cycle
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Cardiac excitation generates an electric field which projects onto the body surface. This allows the information about the heart to be obtained noninvasively as a physical process. Thus the analysis of the cardioelectric field requires spatial, spatio-temporal and temporal approaches. The spatial approach resolves the distribution of the field in the body in relation to the configuration of the source by means of constructing a field map for one instant. This reflects the anatomical background. The spatio-temporal analysis includes the events of activation and repolarization, provides a series of maps or compressed presentations and comprises the dynamics of the cardiac excitatory cycle. The temporal access investigates the generation of the cardiac rhythm. It utilizes the analysis of sinus arrhythmia and the frequency analysis of heart rate variability. The results reflect efferent mechanism of chronotropic control as well as afferent and central management of informations relevant for cardiac control.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
29776. Spatial and temporal variations in the photosynthesis-nitrogen relationship in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) canopy
- Creator:
- Kobayashi, H., Inoue, S., and Gyokusen, K.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- botanika, botany, canopy nitrogen distribution, light environment, needle development, photosynthetic capacity, and winter depression
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Spatial and temporal variations in light-saturated photosynthetic capacity and needle nitrogen (N) content were investigated in one 8 m tall Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) canopy for a full year. The photosynthetic capacity and needle N content in various layers of the canopy were measured every month. Temporal variations in photosynthetic capacity and needle N content expressed on a projected-area basis (Parea, Narea) were similar. Furthermore, both Parea and Narea decreased with increasing depth from the top of the canopy on each sampling date. As a consequence, a significant correlation was observed between Narea and Parea. Temporal variations in photosynthetic capacity and needle N content expressed on a mass basis (Pmass, Nmass) were also similar. Pmass also decreased with increasing canopy depth. However, in contrast to Narea, there was only a slight decrease in Nmass with increasing canopy depth. Hence, the correlation between Nmass and Pmass was lower than the projected-area value. Because Narea was highly correlated with the needle mass per projected-area (NMA), the spatial variation in Narea (and therefore Parea) in the canopy is attributed to the variation in NMA, which decreases as the depth from the top of the canopy increases. Furthermore, the slope of the linear regression between Narea and NMA differed between sampling dates, indicating that the temporal variations in Narea (and therefore Parea) are strongly influenced by Nmass. For most of the sampling dates, a linear regression between Narea and Parea tends to converge into a single line segment. However, on several sampling dates, there was a pronounced decline in Parea below this line segment. This reduction in Parea, which does not accompany a reduction in Narea, seems to be attributable to stomatal limitations induced by the low soil temperature in winter and early spring. and H. Kobayashi, S. Inoue, K. Gyokusen
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
29777. Spatial Assessment of soil drought indicators at regional scale: hydrolimits and soil water storage capacity in Záhorská Nížina Lowland
- Creator:
- Orfánus, Tomáš
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- soil drought indicators, hydrolimits, field capacity, limited water availability, wilting point, water storage capacity of soil, root zone, GIS, Záhorská Nížina Lowland, indikátory pôdneho sucha, hydrolimity, poľná vodná kapacita, bod zníženej dostupnosti, bod vädnutia, vododržná kapacita pôdy, and Záhorská nížina
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Serious attention is paid today to the problems of landscape regionalization with respect to its hydrological response. The quantification and the spatial pattern of soil drought indicators (SDI) are considered crucial for a correct hydrological zonation of agricultural lands with regard to water-related phenomena of practical importance, such as drought risk, runoff generation and soil erosion. The paper deals with regional estimation of hydrolimits (field capacity, point of limited availability, wilting point) and water storage capacity (expressed as the difference between the field capacity and the wilting point) of the root zone of agricultural landscape and their interpretation as potential soil drought indicators (SDI). A spatial and pedotransfer approach was applied to the region of the Záhorská nížina Lowland. Relevant outputs (parameters of soil water retention curves) were derived from the data of the Comprehensive Agricultural Soil Survey digital database (KPP DB) using pedotransfer functions (Rosetta model). A spatial processing of model outputs to the form of the regional maps of SDI was performed using GIS tools. SDI were then quantitatively evaluated for (i) individual textural soil units and (ii) individual pedo-ecological regions of Záhorská nížina Lowland respectively. Water storage capacity of soil represents the maximum volume of long-term available water in the effective root zone of cultural crops. To be used as soil-drought indicator, the water storage capacity data should always be interpreted in combination with information about the water contents related to the field capacity and the wilting point. Generally, it is assumed that spatial pattern of SDI is closely related to the soil textural units, while in the case of Záhorská nížina Lowland the segmentation of the landscape to pedo-ecological regions is considered inadequate from hydrological point of view. and V súčasnosti je v kruhoch hydrológov venovaná veľká pozornosť problematike regionalizácie krajiny z hľadiska jej hydrologickej odozvy. Kvantifikácia indikátorov pôdneho sucha (SDI) a poznanie ich priestorovej variability sú kľúčové pre korektné delenie poľnohospodársky využívaných pôd na zóny vo vzťahu k hydrologickým javom s praktickým významom, ako sú sucho, tvorba odtoku a pôdna erózia. Príspevok sa v regionálnej mierke zaoberá odhadom hydrolimitov (poľnej vodnej kapacity, bodu zníženej dostupnosti, bodu vädnutia) a vododržnej kapacity (ako rozdielu v obsahu vody medzi poľnou vodnou kapacitou a bodom vädnutia) koreňovej vrstvy pôd v poľnohospodárskej krajine a ich interpretáciou ako potenciálnych indikátorov pôdneho sucha. Pedotransférový prístup bol využitý pre priestorové spracovanie SDI v rámci regiónu Záhorskej nížiny. Relevantné výstupy (parametre vlhkostných retenčných kriviek) boli odvodené z údajov digitálnej databázy Komplexného prieskumu poľnohospodárskych pôd (KPP DB) využitím pedotransférového modelu Rosetta. Výstupy z modelu boli priestorovo spracované do podoby regionálnych máp indikátorov pôdneho sucha s využitím nástrojov GIS a následne kvantitatívne zhodnotené pre (i) jednotlivé pôdne druhy a (ii) jednotlivé pedo-ekologické regióny Záhorskej nížiny. Vododržná kapacita pôdy reprezentuje maximálny objem vody v koreňovej vrstve pôdy dlhodobo prístupnej pre kultúrne plodiny. Údaje o vododržnej kapacite pôd musia byť pre účel stanovenia potenciálu pôdy z hľadiska jej ohrozenosti suchom (teda ako indikátor pôdneho sucha) interpretované vždy v kombinácii s informáciou o obsahoch vody zodpovedajúcich poľnej vodnej kapacite a bodu vädnutia. Všeobecne možno konštatovať, že priestorová distribúcia indikátorov pôdneho sucha je úzko zviazaná s prirodzenou variabilitou pôdnych druhov, kým segmentácia územia podľa pedo-ekologických regiónov je v prípade regiónu Záhorskej nížiny z hydrologického hľadiska nedostačujúca.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
29778. Spatial distribution of 0+ juvenile fish in differently modified lowland rivers
- Creator:
- Valová, Zdenka, Jurajda, Pavel, and Janáč, Michal
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- 0+ juvenile fish, regulation and channelisation, habitat utilisation, and Danube basin
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Juvenile 0+ fish communities in three adjacent stretches of two lowland rivers with different degrees of habitat modification were surveyed using electrofishing and evaluated as indicators of fish assemblage reproductive success and spatial distribution. Both rivers originally meandered through large flood plains, however both have been regulated and channelised, to a varying extent, during the last century. The first study stretch, the Czech stretch of the Morava River (69.4 – 92.8 r. km), was regulated by five weirs and completely separated from its floodplain. The second and third study stretches, the Slovak stretch of the Morava River (33.5 – 69.4 r. km) and the Dyje River (0 – 26.7 r. km), were not interrupted by weirs and their floodplain areas remain connected, though partially modified. The total number of 0+ fish species in all of the stretches recorded over three years was similar (22, 23 and 25 spp. resp.). The lowest value of the Shannon index of species diversity and the highest value of total relative density (CPUE) were documented in the Czech regulated-channelised stretch. Significant differences in species richness and relative density were documented among habitats.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
29779. Spatial distribution, activity, habitat selection of American mink (Neovision vison) and polecats (Mustela putorius) inhabiting the vicinity of eutrophic lakes in NE Poland
- Creator:
- Brzeziński, Marcin, Marzec, Magdalena, and Żmihorski, Michał
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Mustelidae, interspecific competition, invasive species, and sympatric species
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Invasive American mink and native polecats were live-trapped over a period of six years and radio-tracked during one winter-spring season in the lakeside habitats in NE Poland. The number of mink declined whereas number of polecats was stable during 1995–2000, however, except during one winter, mink were always more abundant in the study area than polecats. Significant differences in habitat utilization between radio-collared mink and polecats were observed. Mink moved only along the lake shoreline and showed no seasonal shift in habitat selection. In winter, polecats were most frequently located close to the lake banks, but they also stayed in barns and stables. In spring, they moved further from the lakes. There was considerable interspecies overlap of mink and polecat home ranges in February, and common use of the banks of the 500 m long unfrozen canal was recorded for 4 mink and 5 polecats. The pattern of daily activity of polecat and mink differed: mink were most active at dawn and in early morning whereas polecats at dusk and in beginning of the night. Individuals of both species coexisted in this small area at relatively high densities and to some degree exploited the same habitats, particularly in the vicinity of sites with access to open water.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
29780. Spatial interpolation of point velocities in stream cross-section
- Creator:
- Hasníková, Eliška, Pavlásek, Jiří, and Vach, Marek
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- open channel, current meter, cross-validation, arithmetic mean, inverse distance weighted, thin-plate spline, and kriging
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- The most frequently used instrument for measuring velocity distribution in the cross-section of small rivers is the propeller-type current meter. Output of measuring using this instrument is point data of a tiny bulk. Spatial interpolation of measured data should produce a dense velocity profile, which is not available from the measuring itself. This paper describes the preparation of interpolation models. Measuring campaign was realized to obtain operational data. It took place on real streams with different velocity distributions. Seven data sets were obtained from four cross-sections varying in the number of measuring points, 24-82. Following methods of interpolation of the data were used in the same context: methods of geometric interpolation arithmetic mean and inverse distance weighted, the method of fitting the trend to the data thin-plate spline and the geostatistical method of ordinary kriging. Calibration of interpolation models carried out in the computational program Scilab is presented. The models were tested with error criteria by cross-validation. Ordinary kriging was proposed to be the most suitable interpolation method, giving the lowest values of used error criteria among the rest of the interpolation methods.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public