Predkladaná výskumná štúdia sa zameriava na subjektívny kariérny úspech lekárov a jeho determinanty týkajúce sa ich pracovného zaradenia. Cieľom výskumu bolo zistiť, či existuje vzťah medzi subjektívnym kariérnym úspechom a pracovným stresom, v jeho celkovej miere a v jednotlivých rovinách, a tiež zistiť, či existujú rozdiely v miere subjektívneho kariérneho úspechu z hľadiska dĺžky praxe, špecializácie a pracoviska lekárov. Subjektívny kariérny úspech bol skúmaný prostredníctvom Dotazníka kariérnej spokojnosti (Greenhaus, Parasuraman, & Wormley, 1990), pretože kariérna spokojnosť je považovaná za najčastejší ukazovateľ subjektívneho kariérneho úspechu. Pracovný stres bol skúmaný prostredníctvom Dotazníka pracovného stresu a vyhorenia (Hennig & Keller, 1996). Dĺžka praxe, špecializácia a pracovisko lekárov boli zisťované pomocou vlastných položiek. Výskumný súbor tvorilo 50 lekárov z nemocníc a ambulancií. Získané údaje boli spracované pomocou jednoduchej korelačnej analýzy a t-testu pre dva nezávislé výbery. Analýza údajov ukázala, že subjektívny kariérny úspech lekárov bol v negatívnom vzťahu tak s celkovou mierou pracovného stresu, ako aj so všetkými jeho rovinami (duševná, citová, telesná a sociálna). Tiež bol zistený rozdiel v miere subjektívneho kariérneho úspechu z hľadiska dĺžky praxe a špecializácie. Lekári s dlhšou praxou (nad 20 rokov) a lekári špecialisti (odborní) vykazovali vyššiu mieru subjektívneho kariérneho úspechu ako lekári s kratšou praxou (do 20 rokov) a praktickí (všeobecní) lekári. Rozdiel medzi lekármi pracujúcimi v nemocniciach a lekármi pracujúcimi v ambulanciách nebol zistený, rovnako ani rozdiel medzi mužmi a ženami. and The presented research study focuses on subjective career success of doctors and its determinants of the working environment. The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between subjective career success and work stress in the overall level and individual levels. A further aim was to identify differences in subjective career success in terms of length of experience, specialization and workplace of doctors. Subjective career success was studied through questionnaires The Career Satisfaction Scale (Greenhaus, Parasuraman, and Wormley, 1990), because career satisfaction is considered as the most common indicator of subjective career success. Work-related stress was studied through questionnaires The Work stress and Burnout Scale (Hennig and Keller, 1996). Length of experience, specialization and workplace were detected using custom items. The sample consisted of 50 doctors from hospitals and ambulances. The data were processed using a simple correlation analysis and Independent Samples T test. Data analysis showed that subjective career success of doctors was negatively correlated with work stress in the overall level and also with all the levels (mental, emotional, physical and social). We also found a difference in the subjective career success in terms of length of experience and specialization. Doctors with longer practise (over 20 years) and specialists showed higher subjective career success as doctors with shorter practice (under 20 years) and practitioners. There was no difference between doctors working in hospitals and doctors working in the ambulance and no difference between men and women.
The effects of submergence on chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence were compared in seven Oryza sativa (L.) cultivars, namely FR 13A, Khoda, Khadara, Kalaputia (tolerant), Sabita, and Hatipanjari (avoiding type), and IR 42 (susceptible). Seedlings were submerged for 4 d under complete darkness. Oxygen concentration of flood water decreased with the period of submergence with concomitant increase in concentration of carbon dioxide. Submergence caused diminution in the amount of total Chl. Genotypic differences were observed for Chl content and survival percentage. Quantification of the Chl a fluorescence transients (JIP-test) revealed large cultivar differences in the response of photosystem 2 (PS2) to submergence. The kinetics of Chl a fluorescence rise showed complex changes in the magnitudes and rise of O-J, J-I, and I-P phases caused by submergence. The selective suppression of the J-I phase of fluorescence especially after 2 d of submergence provided evidence for weakened electron donation from the oxygen evolving complex whereas under severe submergence stress (4 d) both O-J and J-I steps were suppressed greatly with highly suppressed P-step, which resulted in lowering of variable fluorescence. Grouping probability or energetic connectivity between PS2 obtained through JIP-test from the data after 2 d of submergence showed a direct relation with survival percentage, i.e. fluorescence measurements contained the information of the survival chance of a plant under submerged conditions. The information could be used in identifying the submergence tolerant cultivars when the damage is not very severe. and D. Panda ... [et al.].
Plants experience multiple abiotic stresses during the same growing season. The implications of submergence with and without saline water on growth and survival were investigated using four contrasting rice cultivars, FR13A (submergence-tolerant, salinity-susceptible), IR42 (susceptible to salinity and submergence), and Rashpanjor and AC39416 (salinity-tolerant, submergence-susceptible). Though both FR13A and IR42 showed sensitivity to salinity, FR13A exhibited higher initial biomass as well as maintained greater dry mass under saline condition. Greater reduction of chlorophyll (Chl) contents due to salinity was observed in the susceptible cultivars, including FR13A, compared to the salinity-tolerant cultivars. Exposure of plants to salinity before submergence decreased the survival chance under submergence. Yet, survival percentage under submergence was greater in FR13A compared to other cultivars. Generally, the reduction in the Chl content and damage to PSII were higher under the submergence compared to salinity conditions. The submergence-tolerant cultivar, FR13A, maintained greater quantities of Chl during submergence compared to other cultivars. Quantification of the Chl a fluorescence transients (JIP-test) revealed large cultivar differences in the response of PSII to submergence in saline and nonsaline water. The submergence-tolerant cultivar maintained greater chloroplast structural integrity and functional ability irrespective of the quality of flooding water., R. K. Sarkar, Anuprita Ray., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Extracts of Helleborus roots were traditionally used in the Balkan area for their analgesic action. We report that the pure natural product MCS-18 isolated from this source is a potent, specific and reversible antagonist of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, expressed in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. TRPV1 is a nonselective cation channel expressed in a subset of cutaneous and visceral sensory nerve endings and activated by noxious heat, acidity and fatty acid metabolites of arachidonic acid, with a decisive role in inflammatory heat hyperalgesia. MCS-18 inhibited the increase in intracellular calcium concentration evoked in DRG neurons by capsaicin (300 nM) and low pH (5.5) but not by heat (43 ºC). The substance had no effect on the responses mediated by acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) or the irritant receptor TRPA1. Whole-cell patch-clamp was used to confirm the inhibition of capsaicin-induced currents by MCS-18 which was dose-dependent. The mechanism of inhibition does not require an intact cell, as capsaicin-induced currents were also inhibited in the excised outside-out configuration. The antagonism of the capsaicin and proton action on native TRPV1 by MCS-18 may be of interest for pain therapy., C. Neacsu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The term substitution refers to the process during which situational actants selected by a verb are substituted by expressions with non-situational meaning. In the paper, the investigation of substitution processes is focused on two groups of verbal units: (i) phase verbs with inceptive meaning which enable the substitution of object actants and (ii) psychological verbs of two types: (a) type trápiť ‘worry’, and (b) type mrzieť ‘feel sorry for sth.’ which enable the substitutions of subject actants. On the basis of corpus data, collocational preferences are stipulated for phase verbs with inceptive meaning and a collostructional analysis is used to calculate the mutual attraction of substituted non-situational nouns and the given type of microconstruction in order to build up a detailed picture of correlation between corpus frequencies and degrees of entrenchment concerning the various semantic groups of nouns. At the same time, cognitive and pragmatic (contextual) factors determining the interpretation of sentence structure with substituted actants are closely investigated. On the other hand, the corpus data reveal that no such attractions can be specified within the group of psychological verbs, which shows that in the case of these verbal units, substitution is better described in terms of a pragmatic process. and Im Beitrag werden die Substitutionsprozesse der Situationsaktanten im Slowakischen behandelt. Der Begriff Substitution bezeichnet einen Prozess, infolgedessen ein durch ein Verb selektierter Situationsaktant durch einen Ausdruck ohne situative Bedeutung ersetzt wird. In unserer Studie werden zwei Klassen von Verbeinheiten untersucht: Phasenverben mit einer inzeptiven Bedeutung, die die Substitutionen der Objektaktanten ermöglichen, und psychologische Verben in zweierlei Gestalt (i) trápiť ‚quälen‘ und (ii) mrzieť ‚reuen‘, die eine Substitutin der Subjektaktanten ermöglichen. Auf Grund der Korpusdaten wird eine Reihe von verbalen Einheiten mit inzeptiver Semantik definiert, die die Substitutionsprozesse durchführen, sowie eine Reihe von Substantiven, die im Rahmen der relevanten Konstruktionen die Situationsaktanten ersetzen. Mittels der kollostruktionalen Analyse wird anschließend die gegenseitige Attraktivität des Nicht-Situationsaktanten und der betreffenden Phase einer Mikrokonstruktion ermittelt. In dieser Studie werden zudem die semantischen und pragmatischen Faktoren definiert, die die Interpretation der Satzstruktur mit substituierten Aktanten determinieren. In der Gruppe der psychologischen Verben werden die Faktoren analysiert, die die Differenzierung von unbeabsichtigter Kausalität und substituierter Struktur bestimmen.
The conserved residue Thr42 of ε-subunit of the chloroplast ATP synthase of maize (Zea mays L.) was substituted with Cys, Arg, and Ile, respectively, through site-directed mutagenesis. The over-expressed and refolded ε-proteins were purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and FPLC on mono-Q column, which were as biologically active (inhibiting Ca2+-ATPase activity and blocking proton gate) as the native ε subunit isolated from chloroplasts. The εT42C and εT42R showed higher inhibitory activities on the soluble CF1(-ε) Ca2+-ATPase than the εWT. The εT42I inhibited the Ca2+-ATPase activity of soluble CF1 and restored photophosphorylation activity of membrane-bound CF1 deficient in ε the most efficiently. Far-ultraviolet CD spectra showed that the portions of α-helix and β-sheet structures of the three mutants were somewhat different from εWT. Thus the conserved residue Thr42 may be important for maintaining the structure and function of the ε-subunit and the basic functions of the ε-subunit as far as an inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPase and the proton gate are related. and Zhang-Lin Ni, Da-Fu Wang, Jia-Mian Wei.
Fossil continental molluscs have not hitherto been regarded as reliable paleoenvironmental indicators. Little was known about their ecological requirements or their position in characteristic biomes of the Quaternary climatic cycle, for instance in the loess steppe. Only recent analyses of their assemblages in a broad environmental context have shown that they are indicative of a number of important environmental phenomena in the same way as pollen grains or vertebrate remains. and Vojen Ložek.
Fossil molluscan successions from ca 450 sites provide evidence of the paleo-environmental history of the Czech Republic and Slovakia during the Quaternary. They not only reflect the Quaternary cycle of warm and cold phases but also a number of various events, such as the impact of the cold oscillation at 8,2 ky BP or the detailed reconstruction in time and space of the habitat patchwork in areas where other fossils are sparse or absent, particularly in karstlands, in the full scale of elevations. and Vojen Ložek.