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31202. The derogatory force and the offensiveness of slurs
- Creator:
- Liu, Chang
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- derogation, expressives, offense, pejoratives, slurs, and speech acts
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Slurs are both derogatory and offensive, and they are said to exhibit “derogatory force” and “offensiveness.” Almost all theories of slurs, except the truth-conditional content theory and the invocational content theory, conflate these two features and use “derogatory force” and “offensiveness” interchangeably. This paper defends and explains the distinction between slurs’ derogatory force and offensiveness by fulfilling three goals. First, it distinguishes between slurs’ being derogatory and their being offensive with four arguments. For instance, ‘Monday’, a slur in the Bostonian argot, is used to secretly derogate African Americans without causing offense. Second, this paper points out that many theories of slurs run into problems because they conflate derogatory force with offensiveness. For example, the prohibition theory’s account of offensiveness in terms of prohibitions struggles to explain why ‘Monday’ is derogatory when it is not a prohibited word in English. Third, this paper offers a new explanation of this distinction from the perspective of a speech act theory of slurs; derogatory force is different from offensiveness because they arise from two different kinds of speech acts that slurs are used to perform, i.e., the illocutionary act of derogation and the perlocutionary act of offending. This new explanation avoids the problems faced by other theories.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31203. The description of Gyrodactylus corleonis sp. n. and G. neretum sp. n. (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) with comments on other gyrodactylids parasitising pipefish (Pisces: Syngnathidae)
- Creator:
- Paladini, Giuseppe, Cable, Joanne, Fioravanti, Maria Letizia, Faria, Patricia J., and Shinn, Andrew P.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Monogenea, Gyrodactylus, Syngnathidae, Syngnathus typhle, and Syngnathus scovelli
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The current work describes two new species of Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 collected from pipefish Syngnathus scovelli (Evermann et Kendall) and Syngnathus typhle L. during two separate gyrodactylosis episodes on fish held in a public aquarium located in northern Italy. The gyrodactylids collected from the skin, fins and gills of pipefish were subjected to a morphological analysis of the attachment hooks and the morphometric data were compared to the four species of Gyrodactylus previously described from syngnathid hosts, namely G. eyipayipi Vaughan, Christison, Hansen et Shinn, 2010, G. pisculentus Williams, Kritsky, Dunnigan, Lash et Klein, 2008, G. shorti Holliman, 1963 and G. syngnathi Appleby, 1996. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the morphological data indicated six clusters; two discrete groups among the specimens taken from the pipefish held in the Italian aquarium and four further groups representing G. eyipayipi, G. pisculentus, G. shorti and G. syngnathi. Molecular sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S gene for the new species considered here were then compared with those available for other species in GenBank. The comparison did not reveal any identical match, supporting the morphological analysis that Gyrodactylus corleonis sp. n. from S. typhle and Gyrodactylus neretum sp. n. from S. scovelli represent distinct species. Both G. corleonis and G. neretum possess robust hamuli, marginal hook blades that curve smoothly from their sickle base to a point beyond the toe and, ventral bars with a broad median portion and a reduced membrane. Gyrodactylus corleonis, however, can be distinguished on the basis of its heart-shaped ventral bar; G. neretum has a 1:2 hamulus point:shaft ratio and a rectangular-shaped ventral bar. A redescription of the haptoral hard parts of the four species previously recorded on pipefish is also presented.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31204. The detection of weak earthquakes in the Western Bohemian swarm area through the deployment of seismic arrays
- Creator:
- Štrunc, Jaroslav and Brož, Milan
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Geologie. Meteorologie. Klimatologie, zemětřesení, earthquake, cross-correlation, f-k analysis, weak earthquakes, seismic array, small-aperture, beamforming, 7, and 551
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The NKCA and KVCA small-aperture (~ 90 m) seismic arrays in western Bohemia represent the second deployment of this type in the Czech Republic. The arrays have a regular triangular geometric configuration with high gain three-component seismographs in each corner of the triangle. This allows very weak local earthquakes to be detected with a high degree of precision and, thereby, substantially enhances the results of the pre-existing local seismic network (WEBNET). This paper reports on the pilot measurement period. It summarises the final configuration of the arrays and compares the derived results. The measured data have been analysed using the DP/EP system developed by NORSAR. This incorporates several array techniques such as beamforming, f-k analysis, and the cross-correlation method. It has been shown that during the study period, the levels of seismic activity recorded by the seismic arrays were up to fifteen times greater than the levels recorded by the pre-existing seismic network., Jaroslav Štrunc and Milan Brož., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31205. The determination of optimal initial tension in rat coronary artery using wire myography
- Creator:
- Ping, N.-N., Cao, L., Xiao, X., and Cao, Y.-X.
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, věnčité tepny, coronary arteries, coronary artery, normalization procedure, optimal initial tension, wire myograph, rat, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The aim of the present study was to determine the optimal initial tension, i.e. initial stretch for rat coronary artery when using the multi-wire myograph system. We used the normalization procedure to mimic physiological conditions and to stretch the coronary arterial segments to normalized internal circumference (IC 1 ). It is determined the internal circumference when the vessel relaxed under a transmural pressure of 100 mm Hg (IC 100 ), and the IC 1 is calculated by multiplying the IC 100 by a factor k. The impact of different factor k on the initial stretch and agonist- induced tension of coronary arteries were investigated. The results showed that the maximal agonist-induced tension was achieved at the factor k value of 0.90 and the initial stretch tension was given 1.16±0.04 mN/mm. The most appropriate factor k value was 0.90-0.95 and the most appropriate initial tension was 1.16-1.52 mN/mm. Th e equilibration time of the coronary artery segments should be at least 1.0 h. In the same optimal initial tension, the agonist-induced tension increased as equilibration time lengthened., N.-N. Ping ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31206. The development and fine structure of Lankesterella cf. dicroglossi (Apicomplexa: Lankesterellidae) infecting frogs in Niger, West Africa
- Creator:
- Paperna, Ilan and Martin, Coralie
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Lankesterella cf. dicroglossi, infection, ultrastructure, frog, Hoplobatrachus occipitalis, Niger, and Africa
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- One of four Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Günther, 1859) frogs received from Niger, West Africa was heavily infected with Lankesterella blood and pre-erythrocytic stages. Infected blood and tissues from this frog were force-fed to the remaining three frogs. Two survived to necropsy on days 14 and 27 post-feeding and were found to be infected with gamogonic and oogonic stages, respectively. The source of infection is inconclusive, as a natural origin cannot be excluded. Microgamont, macrogamont, oocyst and sporozoite structure and fine structure are described and found to conform in general, but not in detail, to previous descriptions. Gamonts and oocysts occurred predominantly in the liver and spleen. Walled sporulating oocysts were situated within macrophage centres. Oocysts yielded a progeny of 32 sporozoites. Pre-erythrocytic sporozoites developed within expanded inclusions, within their host cell, from which they massively invaded the liver and spleen, and to a lesser extent the lungs and kidneys. Sporozoites occurred in a parasitophorous vacuole in the erythrocytes. Conspecificity with Lankesterella dicroglossi Paperna et Ogara, 1996 reported from the same host species in Kenya remains uncertain due to several structural and developmental differences.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31207. The development of chloroplast structure during leaf ontogeny
- Creator:
- Kutík, J.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- environmental effects, leaf life span, and stresses
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Advances achieved during last fifteen years in the understanding the development of chloroplast ultrastructure during natural leaf ontogeny are summarized. Life span of a typical C3 mesophyll cell chloroplast is outlined and placed into the scheme of cyclic plastid interrelationships. Possible modifications of this development by stresses, environmental factors or experimental treatments are also shown.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31208. The development of chloroplast ultrastructure and Hill reaction activity during leaf ontogeny in different maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes
- Creator:
- Kutík, J., Kočová, M., Holá, D., and Körnerová, M.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- chloroplast dimensions, electron microscopy, peripheral reticulum, photosynthesis, plastoglobuli, starch, stereology, stroma, and thylakoids
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Changes in Hill reaction activity (HRA) and ultrastructure of mesophyll cell (MC) chloroplasts were studied during the ontogeny of third leaf of maize plants using polarographic oxygen evolution measurement, transmission electron microscopy, and stereology. The chloroplast ultrastructure was compared in young (actively growing), mature, and senescing leaves of two different inbreds and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. Statistically significant differences in both HRA and MC chloroplast ultrastructure were observed between different stages of leaf ontogeny. Growth of plastoglobuli was the most striking characteristic of chloroplast maturation and senescence. The chloroplasts in mature and senescing leaves had a more developed system of thylakoids compared to the young leaves. Higher HRA was usually connected with higher thylakoid volume density of MC chloroplasts. and J. Kutík ... [et al.].
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31209. The development of Myxobolus pavlovskii (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) includes an echinactinomyxon-type actinospore
- Creator:
- Marton, Szilvia and Eszterbauer, Edit
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Myxosporea, life cycle, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, 18S rDNA, histology, and infection experiment
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Echinactinomyxon-type actinospores were found in a mixed-species oligochaete culture originating from the Temperate Water Fish Hatchery near Budapest, Hungary. On the basis of DNA sequence analysis, the actinospores were identified as Myxobolus pavlovskii (Akhmerov, 1954), the 18S rDNA sequence from myxospores of which is available in GenBank. Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) fry specimens were successfully infected by cohabitation with the echinactinomyxon-releasing oligochaetes, which confirmed the molecular data congruence. The echinactinomyxons and the myxospores that developed in the gills of exposed fish fry were analysed morphologically and on DNA basis. The infected gill tissue was examined histologically. As typical characters of M. pavlovskii, numerous small plasmodia were observed in the epithelia of gill lamellae. Plasmodia contained thousands of myxospores with polar capsules unequal in size and with large intercapsular processes. The 18S rDNA sequence from actinospores and those from myxospores originating from the experimentally infected fish were identical. The oligochaete species releasing actinospores was morphologically determined as Limnodrilus sp. This is the first record of an echinactinomyxon as an alternate stage within the genus Myxobolus.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31210. The development of Procamalianus (Spirocamallanus) neocaballeroi (Nematoda: Camallanidae), a parasite of Astyanax fasciatus (Pisces) in Mexico
- Creator:
- Moravec, František and Vargas-Vázquez, Joaquin
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Subject:
- Nematoda, Procamalianus, Spirocamallanus, Astyanax, Copepoda, development, and Mexico
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The development of the nematode Procamalianus (Spirocamallanus) neocaballeroi (Caballero-Deloya, 1977), an intestinal parasite of the characid fish, Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier) in Mexico, was studied in the experimental copepod intermediate host, Mesocyclops sp. After the copepod’s ingestion of free first-stage larvae of the nematode, these penetrate into the haemocoel of the intermediate host; they moult twice (on the 3rd and 4-5th day p.i. at 21-22”C) before they attain the third, infective stage. The third-stage larva already possesses the large buccal capsule subdivided into an anterior broad portion with eight spiral thickenings (as observed in lateral view) and a narrow posterior portion, and its tail tip bears three conical processes. The definitive host acquires infection by feeding on infected copepods; in the intestine of this fish, the nematode larvae undergo two more moults (on the 10th and 14-15th day p.i. at 25-32°C) before attaining their maturity. The prepatent period is approximately two months.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public