While prototypical uses of slurs express contempt for targets, some reclaimed uses are associated with positive evaluations. This practice may raise concerns. I anticipate this criticism in what I dub the Warrant Argument (WA) and then defend the legitimacy of this kind of reclamation. For the WA, standard pejorative uses of slurs are problematic for assuming unwarranted connections between descriptive properties (e.g., being gay) and value judgements (e.g., being worthy of contempt). When reclaimed uses of slurs express a positive evaluation of their targets—the WA goes—reclamation fails to challenge the unwarranted link between descriptive properties and value judgements, and merely reverses the evaluation polarity from negative to positive. So, the WA concludes, reclaimed uses of slurs evaluating targets positively for belonging to a certain group make a similar moral error as derogatory uses of slurs (sections 2-3). The WA could lead us to condemn reclamation. To resist this conclusion, I draw a parallel with affirmative action, arguing that it can be morally permissible to balance an existing form of injustice by temporarily introducing a countervailing mechanism that prima facie seems to violate the norm of equality: even if the WA were right, it wouldn’t constitute an argument against the moral permissibility of reclamation in the case of most slurs (section 4). This line of argument in defense of pride reclamation may also serve to debunk the myths of reverse racism and reverse sexism (section 5).
Specimens of Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) poonchensis sp. n. are described from Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) in the Poonch River, Jammu and Kashmir. Specimens are thick-walled with dissimilar dorsal and ventral para-receptacle structures, anteriorly manubriated hooks, two giant nuclei in each lemniscus and many subcutaneousy. The lemnisci barely overlap the larger anterior testis, the cement gland has eight giant nuclei, and the seminal vesicle is large with thin walls. The vagina is unremarkable but the long uterus is made up of four specialised regions. Neoechinorhynchus rigidus (Van Cleave, 1928), resembles N. poonchensis sp. n. It is distinguished from N. poonchensis sp. n. by having smaller trunk, proboscis, and male reproductive structures, equal testes, unequal lemnisci with three giant nuclei each, and much larger anterior proboscis hook (130 μm in males) than that originally described by Van Cleave (1928) (70 μm in a female). Anterior hook length alone is sufficient to conclude that the N. rigidus of Datta (1937) is not the same species as the N. rigidus of Van Cleave (1928). Van Cleave's (1928) species remains valid and that of Datta (1937) is considered a different species named Neoechinorhynchus pseudorigidus sp. n., herein. Micropores of N. poonchensis sp. n. have variable distribution in different trunk regions and the Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis demonstrated higher levels of sulfur and lower levels of calcium and phosphorus. Sequences of the 18S rDNA gene from nuclear DNA, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) from mitochondrial DNA of N. poonchensis sp. n. were amplified and aligned with other sequences available on GenBank. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses inferred for 18S rDNA and cox1 showed that N. poonchensis sp. n. was nested in a separate clade.
Despite the long-term study of the house mouse hybrid zone in Europe knowledge of its course in some areas is still rather vague. Comparisons of different portions of the zone showed some common patterns, however, several discordances were also revealed, the most remarkable being introgression of the Y chromosome. We sampled mice along the presumed course of the secondary contact zone between two subspecies, Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus, from Schleswig-Holstein to southern Bavaria, in order to localize more precisely its position. A second aim was to reveal whether introgression shows some general rules obscured until now by studies of geographically isolated transects of the zone. We employed maternally (mtDNA), paternally (Y), and biparentally inherited markers and related their introgression patterns to the hybrid index (HI) based on five X-linked loci. While transition of autosomal loci across the zone was congruent with changes in HI, mtDNA showed bidirectional introgression with alien alleles occurring far behind the zone. Finally, the Y chromosome displayed asymmetric unidirectional introgression of the musculus type into domesticus background. We discuss evolutionary forces shaping these patterns.
Arthrospira maxima is unique among cyanobacteria, growing at alkaline pH (<11) in concentrated (bi)carbonate (1.2 M saturated) and lacking carbonic anhydrases. We investigated dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) roles within PSII of A. maxima cells oximetrically and fluorometrically, monitoring the light reactions on the donor and acceptor sides of PSII. We developed new methods for removing DIC based on a (bi)carbonate chelator and magnesium for (bi)carbonate ionpairing. We established relative affinities of three sites: the water-oxidizing complex (WOC), non-heme iron/QA-, and solvent-accessible arginines throughout PSII. Full reversibility is achieved but (bi)carbonate uptake requires light. DIC depletion at the non-heme iron site and solvent-accessible arginines greatly reduces the yield of O2 due to O2 uptake, but accelerates the PSII-WOC cycle, specifically the S2-S3 and S3-S0 transitions. DIC removal from the WOC site abolishes water oxidation and appears to influence free energy stabilization of the WOC from a site between CP43-R357 and Ca2+., G. Ananyev, C. Gates, G. C. Dismukes., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The administration of a diet containing 5 % of dried oyster mushroom to male Wistar rats fed a cholesterol diet (0.3 %) shortly after weaning for 8 weeks reduced cholesterol levels in the serum and liver by 27 and 33 %, respectively and increased the fractional turnover rate of 125l-very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) by more than 30 %.
by R. Newmarch ; [with a foreword by Edward Beneš ; introduction by Henry Wood]., Ilustrovaný frontispis - Bust of Smetana (J.V. Myslbek), Obsahuje rejstřík, Reprint 1943, and S věnováním Elsie Newmarch
Příspěvek Veroniky M. Mráčkové a Václava Kapsy je zprávou z mezinárodní muzikologické konference, která se uskutečnila ve slezské Vratislavi ve dnech 8. až 10. září 2011., Veronika M. Mráčková - Václav Kapsa., Rubrika: Konference, and Cizojazyčné resumé není.
The article is based on the results of ethnographic field research which the author has conducted over the last 20 years in multi-lingual and multi-faith villages of Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands in the Grodno region in Belarus. The residents of kolkhoz villages of the region turned out to be unfamiliar with the scholarly term "borderlands". They describe their pluralistic social and cultural reality by means of an underlying metaphor (conceptual archetype) of a mixed world. This emic (subjective) category of describing the social world is subjected in the article to an anthropological analysis and interpretation. The author considers also the emic conceptualisation of the significant differences between "ethnic" groups.
Interest surrounds the role of an NADPH oxidase-like enzyme in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). We have studied the effects of the NADPH oxidase inhibitors iodonium diphenyl (ID) and cadmium sulphate (CdSO4) upon HPV of isolated rat pulmonary arteries (n = 73, internal diameter 545± 23 mm). Vessels were preconstricted with prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a, 0.5 or 5 mM) prior to a hypoxic challenge. ID (10 or 50 mM), CdSO4 (100 mM) or vehicle (50 ml) was added for 30 min before re-exposure to PGF2a and hypoxia. ID and CdSO4 significantly inhibited HPV. In vessels preconstricted with 5 mM PGF2a, ID (10 and 50 mM) reduced HPV from 37.4± 5.6 % to 9.67± 4.4 % of the contractile response elicited by 80 mM KCl (P<0.05) and from 30.1± 5.0 % to 0.63± 0.6% 80 mM KCl response (P<0.01), respectively. CdSO4 (100 mM) reduced HPV from 29.4±4.0 % to 17.1±2.2% 80 mM KCl response (P<0.05). In vessels preconstricted with 0.5 mM PGF2a, ID (10 and 50 mM) reduced HPV from 16.0± 3.15% to 3.36± 1.44 % 80 mM KCl response (P<0.01) and from 15.0± 1.67 % to 2.82± 1.40 % 80 mM KCl response (P<0.001), respectively. Constriction to PGF2a was potentiated by ID. ID and CdSO4, at concentrations previously shown to inhibit neutrophil NADPH oxidase, attenuate HPV in isolated rat pulmonary arteries. This suggests that an NADPH oxidase-like enzyme is involved in HPV and could act as the pulmonary oxygen sensor., R. D. Jones, J. S. Thompson, A. H. Morice., and Obsahuje bibliografii