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31592. The poor sinners' cross and the pillory: late medieval microarchitecture and liturgies of criminal punishment
- Creator:
- Timmermann, Achim
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- This paper focuses on two types of late medieval judicial monuments which were occasionally given sophisticated microarchitectural forms - the so-called poor sinners' cross or confessional cross (literal translations of the German terms Armsünderkreuz and Beichtenmarter), and the pillory. The essay has two aims: First, to stimulate a discussion about the ways in which such works of microarchitecture accentuated and structured the performance of civic rituals; and second, to contribute to a recent debate that investigates the entanglement of late medieval urban enactments of criminal punishment with contemporary pictorial and liturgical enactments of the historical Passion narrative. The following monuments are analyzed within their respective judicial and ritual contexts: The Spinnerin am Kreuz in Vienna (1451-1452), the Zderad Column in Brno (dated variously between the late 14th century and the 1470s), and the pillories of Wrocław (1492), Schwäbisch Hall in Swabia (1509) and Kasteelbrakel / Braine-le-Château in southern Belgium (1521). Placed both at the periphery and at the center of the late medieval city, these structures left a characteristic and potent signature on people's everyday environment. By projecting microarchitecture, images and narratives onto a piece of geography, they invested a place with meanings that had little to do with its actual form. Topographic features such as market squares, roads, and fields were thus mnemonically marked as places where justice has been done, or will be done, as places of social cleansing, expulsion and re-entry. Where Passion imagery or quasi-liturgical types of microarchitecture provided a visual and semantic backdrop to the discourse of criminal justice, these places furthermore reverberated with the collective or individual memory of the events of Golgotha, and, at least in theory, transformed themselves into moralizing stages on which the delinquent could be seen to experience his own physical or social extinction. and Tento článek se soustřeďuje na dva typy pozdně gotických památek, na tzv. smírčí kříž nebo zpovědní kříž (doslovný překlad německých názvů Armsünderkreuz a Beichtenmarter) a pranýř, které se ve středověku užívaly při soudních exekucích. Práce má dva cíle: za prvé podnítit diskusi o způsobech, jakými tato drobná kamenná architektonická díla zvýrazňovala a strukturovala výkon civilních rituálů, a za druhé přispět k současné debatě, jež zkoumá propojení pozdně středověkých městských právních předpisů pro trestání zločinů s dobovými obrazovými a liturgickými předpisy pro historický příběh pašijí. V individuálních justičních a rituálních kontextech jsou analyzovány následující památky: Spinnerin am Kreuz ve Vídni (1451-1452), Zderadův sloup v Brně (datován různě mezi konec 14. století a sedmdesátá léta 15. století) a pranýře z Vratislavi (1492), Schwäbisch Hallu ve Švábsku (1509) a Kasteelbrakelu / Braine-le-Château v jižní Belgii (1521). Tyto stavby, umístěné jak na okraji, tak i v centru pozdně středověkých měst, zanechaly charakteristickou a výraznou stopu v každodenním lidovém prostředí. Drobná architektura, obrazy a příběhy obdařily městské scenérie významy, které měly málo společného s jejich dosavadní podobou. Topografické prvky jako tržiště, cesty a pole byly takto mnemotechnicky označeny jako místa, kde se vykonává nebo bude vykonávat právo, jako místa společenského očištění, vykázání a opětovného návratu. Tam, kde zobrazení pašijí nebo kvaziliturgické typy drobné architektury poskytovaly vizuální a sémantický horizont pro diskurs trestního práva, ozývala se kromě toho tato místa také jako kolektivní nebo individuální památka událostí na Golgotě a alespoň teoreticky se proměňovala v moralizující jeviště, na nichž provinilec mohl být spatřen, jak prožívá svůj vlastní fyzický nebo společenský zánik.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31593. The positive roles of exogenous putrescine on chlorophyll metabolism and xanthophyll cycle in salt-stressed cucumber seedlings
- Creator:
- Yuan, R. N., Shu, S., Guo, S. R., Sun, J., and Wu, J. Q.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- pigmenty, pigments, biosyntéza chlorofylu, degradace chlorofylu, deepoxidace, ztráta energie, chlorophyll biosynthesis, chlorophyll degradation, de-epoxidation, energy dissipation, light-harvesting complex, 2, and 581
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- The effects of foliar spray of putrescine (Put; 8 mM) on chlorophyll (Chl) metabolism and xanthophyll cycle in cucumber seedlings were investigated under saline conditions of 75 mM NaCl. Exogenous Put promoted the conversion of uroporhyrinogen III to protoporphyrin IX and alleviated decreases in Chl contents and in a size of the xanthophyll cycle pool under salt stress. Moreover, the Put treatment reduced the activities of uroporphyrinogen III synthase, chlorophyllase, and Mg-dechelatase and downregulated the transcriptional levels of glutamyl-tRNA reductase, 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase, uroporphyrinogen III synthase, uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase, and chlorophyllide a oxygenase, but significantly increased the expression levels of non-yellow coloring 1-like, pheide a oxygenase, red chlorophyll catabolite reductase, and violaxanthin de-epoxidase. Taken together, these results suggest that Put might improve Chl metabolism and xanthophyll cycle by regulating enzyme activities and mRNA transcription levels in a way that improved the salt tolerance of cucumber plants., R. N. Yuan, S. Shu, S. R. Guo, J. Sun, J. Q. Wu., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31594. The possibility of using clos e-range mono-photogrammetry in measuring relative displacements of rock blocks
- Creator:
- Gołuch, Piotr, Ćmielewski, Kazimierz, Kuchmistera, Janusz, and Kowalski, Krzysztof
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Geologie. Meteorologie. Klimatologie, geodezie, geodesy, close-range mono-photogrammetry, deformation measurement, plate target, rock block, 7, and 551
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The paper presents a method for measuring relative displacements of rock blocks on the basis of recorded images of prototype plate targets measurement. The developed measuring targets, after deposition on the surveyed object (for example rock blocks) act as control points, which represent the behavior of the object over time. Two types of targets ware constructed: passive (appropriately chosen figure) and active (respectively arranged fiber targets). The paper presents preliminary results of work in the laboratory using a calibrated semi-metric camera (Canon D5 Mark II - SLR camera with a CMOS 21 million pixels sensor), two passive targets, geodetic engineering tripod, micrometric simulator of shifts and Leica TC1800 total station. During the experimental work one of the targets was set on a tripod, and the other placed on the total station telescope set on the observation pillar. While taking a series of images the first target was fixed, while the other was moved and rotated. The displacements were made with a micrometric table in two mutually perpendicular directions XY in the horizontal plane, and by simulated rotation of the horizontal wheel and vertical wheel of the total station (rotation of the instrument by the adjusting screws). Using the principles of close-range mono-photogra mmetry from automatic measurement of the recorded images of both plate targets, the values of displacements and rotations were compared with the references., Piotr Gołuch, Kazimierz Ćmielewski, Janusz Kuchmistera and Krzysztof Kowalski., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31595. The postoperative stress response and its reflection in cytokine network and leptin plasma levels
- Creator:
- Chachkhiani, I., Gürlich, R. , Maruna, P., Fraško, R., and Lindner, J.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Cytokines, Leptin, Systemic inflammatory reaction, and Surgical stress
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The objective of the present report was to clarify the postoperative stress response of some inflammatory markers, namely of proinflammatory cytokines and leptin levels during uncomplicated postoperative periods. The results were compared with the dynamics of these parameters during intraabdominal sepsis. We followed 20 patients after a planned resection of colorectal cancer in stage Ib-IV with uncomplicated healing and 13 obese men after laparoscopic non- adjustable gastric banding. These were compared to 12 patients with proven postoperative sepsis. The control group consisted of 18 healthy men. The observed parameters included serum levels of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-6, IL-8, soluble receptor of interleukin-2 (sIL-2R) and leptin. It was found that during the first 24 h after resection there was a significant increase in the serum concentration of IL-6 up to 1125±240 ng/l, which declined within the next 48-72 h. Serum concentration of TNF α was highest 18-24 h after resection (205±22 ng/l) and after banding (184±77 ng/l). IL-1β had a stable serum concentration without significant elevation. Serum concentration of IL-8 after resection rose to 520±200 ng/l after 36-48 h. Maximal cytokine levels after gastric banding were quantitatively lower (IL-6 414±240 ng/l, TNFα 184±77 ng/l) than after resection. We found significant elevation of plasma leptin concentration (32±10 ng/ml) 24 h after banding compared with preoperative values (18±5 ng/ml, p<0.05). Leptin levels 48 and 72 h after banding rapidly returned to the level before operation. During abdominal surgery leptin shows to be an acute phase reactant. Proinflammatory cytokines can be main regulatory factors of leptin during this period. Significant correlation between leptin and TNFα (similarly demonstrated by other authors in models of bacterial inflammation) indicates that TNFα can be the crucial regulator of leptin generation in the early postoperative period. On the basis of our results we recommend to observe IL-6 and IL-8 at 24-72 h after the surgery in patients with a high risk of early postoperative septic complications.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31596. The potential applications of artificial intelligence in drug discovery and development
- Creator:
- Farghali, Hassan, Kutinová Canová, Nikolina, and Arora, Mahak
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- artificial intelligence, computer-assisted drug discovery, drug repositioning, machine learning, and DSP-1181
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Development of a new dug is a very lengthy and highly expensive process since only preclinical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicological studies include a multiple of in silico, in vitro, in vivo experimentations that traditionally last several years. In the present review, we briefly report some examples that demonstrate the power of the computer-assisted drug discovery process with some examples that are published and revealing the successful applications of artificial intelligence (AI) technology on this vivid area. Besides, we address the situation of drug repositioning (repurposing) in clinical applications. Yet few success stories in this regard that provide us with a clear evidence that AI will reveal its great potential in accelerating effective new drug finding. AI accelerates drug repurposing and AI approaches are altogether necessary and inevitable tools in new medicine development. In spite of the fact that AI in drug development is still in its infancy, the advancements in AI and machine-learning (ML) algorithms have an unprecedented potential. The AI/ML solutions driven by pharmaceutical scientists, computer scientists, statisticians, physicians and others are increasingly working together in the processes of drug development and are adopting AI-based technologies for the rapid discovery of medicines. AI approaches, coupled with big data, are expected to substantially improve the effectiveness of drug repurposing and finding new drugs for various complex human diseases.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31597. The potential of leaf chlorophyll content to screen bread-wheat genotypes in saline condition
- Creator:
- Kiani-Pouya, A. and Rasouli, F.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fotosyntéza, biomasa, chlorid sodný, chlorofyl, pšenice, photosynthesis, biomass, sodium chloride, chlorophyll, wheat, NaCl, SPAD, Triticum aestivum L, 2, and 581
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Physiological traits, which are positively associated with yield under salt-stress conditions, can be useful selection criteria in screening for salt tolerance. We examined whether chlorophyll (Chl) content can be used as screening criterion in wheat. Our study involved 5 wheat genotypes under both saline and nonsaline field conditions as well as in a sand-culture experiment. Salt stress reduced significantly biomass, grain yield, total Chl and both Chl a and b in all genotypes. In the sand-culture experiment, Chl accumulation was higher in PF70354/BOW, Ghods, and H499.71A/JUP genotypes at nonsaline control, moderate, and high salt concentrations, respectively. In the field experiment, genotype H499.71A/JUP belonged to those with the highest Chl density. The SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) meter readings were linearly related to Chl content both in the sand-culture and in the field experiment. However, salt stress affected the calibration of SPAD meter. Therefore, separate Chl-SPAD equations were suggested for saline and nonsaline conditions. The correlation coefficients between the grain yield and SPAD were positive and significant both in the sand culture and in the field experiment. These findings suggested that SPAD readings could be used as a tool for rapid assessment of relative Chl content in wheat genotypes. It could be used for the indirect selection of high-yielding genotypes of wheat under saline condition in sand-culture and field experiments., A. Kiani-Pouya, F. Rasouli., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31598. The potential role of nitric oxide in the hypertrophic growth of the left ventricle
- Creator:
- Fedor Šimko and Šimko, J.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, oxid dusnatý, nitric oxide, cardiac hypertrophy, angiotensin II, L-NAME, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is the result of interaction between a chronic hemodynamic overload and non-hemodynamic factors. There are several lines of evidence presented in this work suggesting that nitric oxide (NO) may participate in the hypertrophic growth of the myocardium. First, endothelial NO production was shown to be decreased in several types of hemodynamically overloaded circulation both in animals and humans. Second, compounds stimulating NO production were able to diminish the extent or modify the nature of LVH in some models of myocardial hypertrophic growth. Third, arterial hypertension can be induced by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity. This NO-deficient hypertension is associated with the development of concentric LVH, myocardial fibrosis and protein remodeling of the left ventricle. The mechanism of LVH development in NO-deficient hypertension is complex and involves decreased NO production and increased activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Cardiovascular protection via ACE inhibition in NO-deficient hypertension may be induced by mechanisms not involving an improvement of NO production. In conclusion, the hypertrophic growth of the LV appears to be the result of interaction of vasoconstrictive and growth stimulating effects of angiotensin II on the one hand and of vasodilating and antiproliferative effects of nitric oxide on the other., F. Šimko, J. Šimko., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31599. The potential use of fly ash with a high content of unburned carbon in geopolymers
- Creator:
- Jiří Škvarla, Jiří Botula, Martin Sisol, Krinická, Ivana, and Kolesárová, Miroslava
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Geologie. Meteorologie. Klimatologie, 7, and 551
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Jiří Škvarla, Martin Sisol, Jiří Botula, Miroslava Kolesárová and Ivana Krinická. and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
31600. The power parameters of a gas turbine with regeneration
- Creator:
- Ridzoň, František, Peťková, Viera, and Molnár, Vojtech
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- degree of regeneration, gas turbine, specific power, thermal efficiency, thermal balance, and heat exchanger
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The operating mode of a gas turbine depends not only upon the intake air parameters but also upon a degree of regeneration. The paper analyses the effect of a regeneration degree on the operation of a considered GT 750-6 gas turbine using a special software developed for this purpose. Based on case calculations, the effect of a degree of regeneration on the specific power and thernal efficiency of the actual GT 750-6 gas turbine is quantified. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public