The subject of this study is the issue of sickness, death and dying as approached in the first textbooks of pastoral theology. In the Catholic confessional environment of late 18th century Central Europe, pastoral theology was a new discipline that was about to be introduced into university curricula. The aim of this article is to outline and describe the concept of sickness and death with which the first textbooks of the new discipline worked in formulating new content and forms of spiritual care for the sick and dying. These, presented as binding on future spiritual administrators, defined itself against the older tradition and drew inspiration from Jansenist-Enlightenment approaches and thought. We mainly analyse two or three textbooks that were widely used in the Czech environment. They relied on the prescribed and most successful textbook of the Viennese pastoralist Franz Giftschütz, translated into Czech by the Olomouc teacher Václav Stach, and on the Czech scripts of Aegidius (Jiljí) Chládek, a Premonstratensian of Strahov Monastery and Prague university professor. The changes in the content and forms of Catholic preparation for death and of the concepts of illness and death must be understood in the context of the reforms that affected the field of spiritual education at this time, the new view of the person of the Catholic clergyman, and also the changes in religious and moral sentiments and the promotion and dissemination of medical knowledge and concepts also in the non-medical strata of society.
Studie Veroniky M. Mráčkové se zabývá problematikou přejímání středověkých hymnických melodií, ilustrovanou na konkrétním zvoleném příkladu., The hymn, one of the most frequently encountered songs in Western European sources, poses many questions with regard to the conflict between common and local traits. The Office hymns on which I focus were transmitted mainly in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century sources, which contain huge collections of hymns for different liturgical occasions, including those in honour of local saints. We still do not have a reasonable explanation of how or why the same tunes were adapted for different texts (or vice versa). The ‘Franciscan’ hymn melody Stäblein 752 (originally devoted to St Francis), for example, which occurs with different hymn texts in Austria, Germany, Bohemia, Poland and Spain, has many melodic variants reflecting regional characteristics. Why was this particular melody transferred to and adopted in other parts of Europe, where there was certainly no shortage of alternative hymn melodies? Is it a question of the adoption of favourite melodies in the Middle Ages? Were the same tunes used for hymns in honour of both male and female saints? What are the implications for us when the same ‘local’ tune can be identified in polyphonic hymn settings?, Veronika M. Mráčková., Rubrika: Studie, and České resumé na s. 32, anglický abstrakt na s. 19.
A strongly recommended conclusion in sociology about trends in class inequality has been summarised by Goldthorpe as a high degree of 'temporal constancy and cross-national communality'. This conclusion, here called 'the stability thesis', was first challenged by Ringen in 1987 and again, on more methodological grounds, by Ringen and Hellevik in two papers published in 1997. These challenges resulted in a process of debate and reassessment. It is now possible to sum up and conclude. The stability thesis rests on empirical results from odds-ratio readings of mobility table data. The authority of this methodology is re-examined in terms of normative significance and statistical validity. Mobility table data which have generated stability thesis findings are reanalysed with the standard gini-index methodology in the study of inequality, then yielding different findings which contradict the stability thesis. The main conclusion is that the stability thesis can now be considered overturned. Keywords: social inequality, social justice, social reform, class analysis, social stratification.
The effect of three different concentrations of amitrole (AM), a bleaching herbicide affecting carotenogenesis, on chloroplast ultrastructure, photosynthetic pigment contents, and photochemical activity was studied in two maize genotypes differing in photosynthetic characteristics. The content of photosynthetic pigments in leaves of plants treated with low (20 μM) AM concentration was similar to control plants and no damaging effect of the herbicide on the ultrastructure of either mesophyll (MC) or bundle-sheath (BSC) cell chloroplasts was observed. Higher (60 and 120 μM) concentrations of AM caused a significant decrease in the content of carotenoids (especially xanthophylls), which was followed by photooxidative destruction of chlorophylls and some alterations of chloroplast ultrastructure. MC chloroplasts appeared more sensitive to the damaging effect of AM compared to BSC chloroplasts. A significant decrease in the amount of both granal and intergranal thylakoids in MC chloroplasts was observed with the increasing concentration of AM. As regards BSC chloroplasts, rapid decrease in the volume density of starch inclusions was found in plants treated with higher concentrations of AM. When 120 μM AM was used, both MC and BSC chloroplasts contained just a few thylakoid membranes that were strongly altered. The changes in the ultrastructure of MC chloroplasts were accompanied by the changes in their photochemical activity. The formation of chloroplast protrusions after treatment of plants with AM as well as in control plants was also observed. and R. Pechová ... [et al.].
The anterior jejunum from common vole naturally infected with Giardia microti (Kofoid et Christiansen, 1915) was examined by ТЕМ and compared with the anterior jejunum from control (metronidazole-treated, Giardia-free) common voles (Pallas, 1778). Giardia microti infection resulted in significant diffuse shortening of microvilli and significant greater microvillous diameters. In addition, deformations of the microvilli were observed at the margin of the ventral disc. The microvilli attached to the lateral crest of the ventral disc were vesiculated with a disorganised filamentous core and contained whorled structures resembling “myelin-like figures”. The findings are discussed in context of the Giardia-epithelial cell interaction.
The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the tegument and penetration glands of adult Amphilina foliacea from the body cavity and the tissues of the internal organs of Acipenser ruthenus and A. stellatus were studied. New data on the localization in the tissue, development and in encapsulation of the adult A. foliacea mostly in the liver of A. ruthenus were obtained. The well developed penetration glands are necessary for penetration into the tissue and for migration of A. foliacea into the body cavity of the hosts. The tegument of the adult A. foliacea is a syncytium with cytons deeply embedded into the parenchyma. The secretory activity of the tegument of worms has a protective function against the immune system of the host. Our results give further information about the phylogeny of Amphilinidea and confirm the view of the close phylogenetic relationship of Amphilinidea and Cestoidea.
Given an integral scheme X over a non-archimedean valued field k , we construct a universal closed embedding of X into a k -scheme equipped with a model over the field with one element F1 (a generalization of a toric variety). An embedding into such an ambient space determines a tropicalization of X by previous work of the authors, and we show that the set-theoretic tropicalization of X with respect to this universal embedding is the Berkovich analytification Xan . Moreover, using the scheme-theoretic tropicalization we previously introduced, we obtain a tropical scheme \mathpzcTropuniv(X) whose T -points give the analytification and that canonically maps to all other scheme-theoretic tropicalizations of X . This makes precise the idea that the Berkovich analytification is the universal tropicalization. When X=SpecA is affine, we show that \mathpzcTropuniv(X) is the limit of the tropicalizations of X with respect to all embeddings in affine space, thus giving a scheme-theoretic enrichment of a well-known result of Payne. Finally, we show that \mathpzcTropuniv(X) represents the moduli functor of semivaluations on X , and when X=SpecA is affine there is a universal semivaluation on A taking values in the idempotent semiring of regular functions on the universal tropicalization.