Stať má dvě části: po typologickém úvodu autor v prvé části zkoumá úlohu životnosti při formovaní aktivní větné perspektivy v PrelE. V druhé části se zabýva frekvencí pádových forem. Autor si je vědom rozdílu mezi první systémově-strukturní a druhou kvantitativní částí stati. Konstatuje, že v dosavadním jazykovědném bádání bývají oba přístupy nedostatečně propojeny, což má mimo jiné příčinu v dosud značně oddělovaném myšlení o langue a o parole. Následkem toho pak systémové analýzy nejsou vždy doplňovány zcela paralelními výzkumy kvantitativními. Stať podle autora ukazuje, že kvantitativní analýzy mají zásadní význam pro porovnávání jazyků. Frekvence je jeden ze základních faktorů, které prostupují i typologii gramatických kategorií. Zanedbávání soustavného kvantitativního výzkumu neprospívá ani vývojovým, ani komparatistickým výzkumným programům.
According to Václav Havel’s famous essay The Power of powerless life within a lie is at the core of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. Life within a lie is characteristic for the great majority of people and is contrasted with life within the truth which is characteristic of dissent movement. In this paper, I will try to shed some light on the concept of “living within a lie.” I will show that Havel develops not one but two concepts of a lie: on the one hand, lie is deliberate pretence; on the other hand, lie is seduction by consumerist values. The first meaning of a lie is derived from Havel’s analysis of the specifics of the Soviet sphere of influence, namely central role of ideology with omnipresent demands on public support of the regime. The second meaning of a lie is heavily influenced by a critical assessment of modern society from the leading figure of the Czech underground movement Ivan Jirous and leading Czech philosopher Jan Patočka. This double meaning of a lie enables Havel to capture both specific problems of living under the communist regime and general problems of living in modern society anywhere in the world. In the final chapters of this paper, I will show that Havel is not clear about how these two meanings of a lie are connected and that there are problems resulting from these unclarities both for Havel’s analysis of the communism and his proposed solution of the crisis.
A double ínductíon mechanism of Dl protein degradatíon in isolated photosystem 2 (PS2) core complexes and reaction centres is described, showing the existence of two potentíal sites for primáty cleavage. Donor side inhibition conditi- o n s (presence of electron acceptors but no electron donors and pH 8.0) trigger the hydrolysis of the Dl protein between the putatíve helices 1 and II on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane. This results in the generation of a C-terminal 24 kDa fragment. However, when the donor-side is actíve (presence of electron donors but no electron acceptors and pH 6.0, acceptor side inhibition conditions) both preparations are able to produce a N-terminal 23 kDa fragment, indicating cleavage between helices IV and V, on the stromal side of the membrane.
Two distinct hemocyte populations are determined in the hemolymph of the triatomine bug Triatoma infestans Klug, oenocytoids and plasmatocytes, and their independent origin from separate stem cells is shown. Both hemocyte populations differ considerably in their morphology, ultrastructure and lectin-binding properties. While oenocytoids are quite uniform with easily definable cells which do not to bind any assayed lectin, the plasmatocytes are a very polymorphic population possessing several morphological types and displaying a positive reactivity with lectins.
Two original electrical methods of dikes monitoring (temperature scalar field and electrical impedance spectrometry) are described in detail. Using these methods, the non-stationary movement of the free water level in the dike can be indicated. The methods also enable to detect the piping in the dike due to the activity of animals. Some results are shown and discussed. and V příspěvku jsou uvedeny dvě neinvazivní metody (metoda měření teplotního skalárního pole a elektrické impedanční spektrometrie), které byly laboratorně ověřeny při monitorování nestacionárního pohybu volné hladiny vody v ochranných hrázích. Tyto metody navržené a ověřené autory příspěvku rovněž umožňují detekovat objemové změny (velikost nádrže při přelití koruny hráze, působení drobných živočichů apod.) konstrukce ochranné hráze. Některé ze získaných výsledků jsou zde uvedeny a diskutovány.
Bilingualism has been associated with changes in our language-related and domain-general cognition. However, it remains controversial whether bilingualism-related cognitive effects are robust and stable. Also, it is still unclear which aspects of bilingual experiences affect the plasticity of cognitive processes. This article offers a selective overview of the literature on bilingualism and cognition. We discuss results from studies which investigated the sources of cognitive plasticity in bilinguals, using prominent bilingual factors. We argue that, at least in part, the field deals with the controversies by viewing bilingualism through the perspective of usage-based (or experience-based) approaches, although such a link is not always made explicitly. Viewing bilingual variables as indicators of language use and engagement with both languages might offer promising ways forward while allowing for comparisons of existing studies on bilingualism with more recent ones, which build on the usage-based perspective more explicitly. and Bilingvismus je spojován se změnami v kognitivních procesech, a to jak v procesech zodpovědných za jazykové zpracování, tak v doménově obecné kognici. Zůstává však předmětem diskuse, jak silné a stabilní účinky bilingvismu na kognici jsou. Rovněž zůstává nejasné, jaké aspekty bilingvismu jsou primárním zdrojem plasticity kognitivních procesů. Tento článek nabízí výběrový přehled literatury o bilingvismu a kognici a rozebírá existující studie zkoumající zdroje kognitivní plasticity u bilingvních mluvčích z pohledu usage-based přístupů. Zaměřujeme se na roli prominentních bilingvních faktorů, jakými jsou úroveň znalosti jazyka, věk osvojování jazyka, míra střídání kódů, ale také proporcionalita používání jazyků. Tvrdíme, že literatura o vlivu dvojjazyčnosti na kognici se z části vypořádává s kontroverzemi tím, že nahlíží na bilingvismus perspektivou usage-based přístupů, i když spojení s tímto vědeckým rámcem není vždy výslovně zmiňováno. Zasazení bilingvních faktorů do kontextu usage-based přístupů může nabídnout slibné cesty vpřed a zároveň umožnit srovnání stávajících studií o bilingvismu s novějšími studiemi, které jsou ukotveny v usage-based perspektivě explicitněji.
This paper analyses two lists of errors in the Waldesian cult, as contained in manuscripts I F 230 (from 1399, and its twin manuscript Mil II 58), as well as I F 707 (from the early 15th century). The list in manuscript I F 230 was compiled earlier, whereas the one from manuscript I F 707 is identical with the list included in manuscript No. 229 from the library in Pelplin. The comparison of the anti-heretic lists of errors from manuscripts I F 230 and I F 707, as well as the analysis of their contents, reveals similarities and leads to a conclusion that they both refer to writings by inquisitor Petrus Zwicker, while the list in I F 230 could have been even authored by him.
High (HI, 200 W m'^) and low (LI, 30 W m"^) irradiance treatments on the cells of cyanobactenum Synechococcus elongatus Nfig., var. thermalis Geitl. strain KOVROV 1972/8 were perfonned in the presence of chloramphenicol (CAP), and with addition of DCMU and hydroxylamine (HA), respectively, at growth (56 °C) and low (20 °C) temperatures, to distínguish allegedly different mechanisms of PS 2 photoinactivation (PS 2 PI). At both temperatures HI caused a decline of Fy and Hill reaction activity (HRA) followed by degradation of Dl and to a lesser extent also D2 protein. Fq increased slowly during irradiance at 56 while at 20 ®C it quickly rose to constant level. Degradation of proteins was slowed at a lower temperature. The presence of DCMU during photoinhibition significantly blocked the Fq rise and also prevented PS 2 protein degradation at both temperatures. The course of PS 2 PI under LI resembled tlmt, observed at HI, but changes were much slower. During irradiation of the cells, in which oxygen evolving complex (OEC) was impaired by HA, we observed: (/) at least a ten-fold faster decline of PS 2 electron transport activity than in the cells vňth fimctional OEC under the same conditions; (2) an extensive degradation not only of Dl and D2, but also of the apoprotein of chlorophyll-protein CP43 {ACP43y, (3) almost complete inhibition of PS 2 protein degradation in the presence of DCMU. Thus under all conditions tested in vivo which do not affect the fimction of OEC, the fimction of OEC, PS 2 PI proceeds via the acceptor side and a fimctional impairment of OEC is necessary for induction of the donor side mechanism. When OEC is impaired (e.g. by HA) this mechanism can come in action.
Epileptic afterdischarges induced by electrical stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex as well as minimal metrazol seizures are characterized by EEG spike-and-wave rhythm and nearly the same motor pattern of clonic seizures. The action of ethosuximide on these two models was tested in adult rats with implanted electrodes. Cortical afterdischarges remained practically uninfluenced by ethosuximide (62.5 or 125 mg/kg i.p.) whereas minimal metrazol seizures were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner (doses of 31.25, 62.5 and 125 mg/kg i.p. were used). Present results in connection with recent data on the abolition of spike-and-wave rhythm elicited by low systemic doses of pentylenetetrazol suggest that spike-and-wave rhythm does not represent a single entity.