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33602. Traktát Stanislava ze Znojma „De vero et falso“
- Creator:
- Sousedík, Stanislav
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Prague University, propositional logic, Czech philosophy, Jan Hus, and John Wyclif
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Stanislav of Znojmo (died 1414), a professor of the Prague Theological Faculty, first a teacher and friend to Jan Hus, but then his decided opponent, wrote a comprehensive treatise, probably around 1403, entitled De vero et falso. The subject of my article is an analysis of the content of this work. In it, Stanislav deals with the question of the truth of a proposition and the problem of its truth-maker. The question of the truth-maker falls into the area of metaphysics, and so the author speaks of metaphysical truth. In so far as metaphysical truth is concerned, Stanislav of Znojmo defends a decidedly realist standpoint, judging that categorematic expressions are not alone in having real counterparts in the world, but syncategorematic expressions (for example, statement conjunctions, words expressing negations and so on) also have such counterparts. Stanislav’s treatise, in its overall orientation, belongs to propositionalism, a trend in logical thought widespread at the end of the Middle Ages. Although the author of the treatise De vero et falso does not cite contemporary authors, he shows a knowledge of some exponents of propositional logic (namely Gregory of Rimini, for example). His main inspiration, however, is undoubtedly the work of John Wyclif.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33603. Trampoty s chronologií nálevkovitých pohárů
- Creator:
- Trampota, František and Květina, Petr
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- starý eneolit, kultura s nálevkovitými poháry, relativní chronologie, absolutní chronologie, radiokarbonové datování, Early Eneolithic, Funnel Beaker culture, relative chronology, absolute chronology, and radiocarbon dating
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- V diskusním příspěvku polemizujeme s nově navrženou chronologií kultury s nálevkovitými poháry na základě modelace radiokarbonových dat z především pohřebních lokalit, kterou představili M. Šmíd et al. (2021). V kritice se zabýváme jednak teoretickým přístupem ke studiu pravěkých společností, způsobem výběru radiokarbonových dat, metodou modelace radiokarbonových dat a absencí diskuse v situaci, která ji snadno umožňuje. Na závěr představujeme vlastní pojetí chronologie keramických skupin spojených s nálevkovitými poháry, ve kterém definujeme dva chronologické stupně – baalberský a bolerázský, zatímco „předbaalberský“ stupeň má více společenský než chronologický rozměr. and The article offers a discussion of the new Funnel Beaker chronology proposed by M. Šmíd et al. (2021) based on the modelling of radiocarbon dates coming mainly from burial sites. The review deals with both the theoretical approach to the study of prehistoric societies, the method of selecting radiocarbon data, the method of modelling radiocarbon data and the absence of discussion in a situation that easily fosters it. The conclusion presents the actual concept of the chronology of pottery groups connected with the Funnel Beakers, with two chronological stages being defined – the Baalberge and Boleráz, whereas the ‘pre-Baalberge’ stage has more of a social than chronological dimension.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33604. Trampoty s trampoty. Co nám dnes ne/říká Judith Butler a proč má stále cenu ji číst
- Creator:
- Porkertová, Hana
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33605. Trampové a moc: k problematice postavení trampského hnutí ve společnosti od počátku dvacátých let do současnosti
- Creator:
- Altman, Karel and Křížová, Markéta
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The specific feature of the tramping is the fact that, in špite of its 80-year-tradition and a reál mass character, it has always verged on becoming illegal. This is a consequence of the very substance of the activity - a free camping outdoors, outside the parcels or objects sanctioned for this purpose by competent statě authorities or private owners. The intensity of the restrictive measures of the administrativě machinery towards tramping is unsteady - sometimes the activity has been tolerated, sometimes sujfered in silence, but also occasionally or systematically persecuted. This occurred during all regimes - at the times of the first Czechoslovak Republic, during Nazi occupation, during the „ building of the socialism “ times, but also nowadays. The motives that drove the oppression of the tramp movement for part of the statě organs of course differed considerably. Between the wars the tramp movement has been restricted by the police, who applied especially the so called „ Kubát ’s law forbidding the camping and outdoor activities of the single youths of the opposite sex. During the occupation times the tramps háve been persecuted by the security organs of the protectorate police and by the German Gestapo, who suspected them of being involved in the resistance movement and helping the partyzans. In the socialist era the tramps had to liide from the foresters, police forces and their wardens stationed in the villages, who resented the existence of the relatively informal tramp movement outside the oficial structures, their free movement over the country as well as their traditional sympathies toward the heroes of the American West, showed by their clothing and other atributes. In the last tenyears, the tramps are being accused of breaking the nátuře protection laws and they are persecuted especially by the representatives of the State conservation department.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33606. Trans jako výzva symbolickému uspořádání společnosti
- Creator:
- Agha, Petr
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- transgender, transsexualita, identita, pohlavní identita, pohlaví, and sociální role
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Tento článek definuje trans jako širokou paletu osobnostních (genderových) projevů, které stojí v kontrastu s tendencí společnosti přijímat (přejímat) hluboce zakořeněné představy o tom, co je "normální" a "přirozené", a tendencí chovat podezření vůči takovým projevům osobnosti, které se zdají být s těmito normami v rozporu - změna pohlaví se pak zdá být "nepřirozená". Tento článek si klade otázky ohledně vztahu (trans) genderu k demokratické představivosti společnosti. and This article defines the phenomenon of trans as an expression of the wide range of personal (gender) expressions and contrasts this idea with the tendency of societies to adopt deeply rooted ideas about what is "normal" and "natural", as well as the tendency to act with suspicion against such manifestations of personality that seem to be in conflict with these standards - sex change then appears to be "un-natural." This article raises questions about the relationship between (trans)gender and democratic imagination.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33607. Trans* příběhy o těle a s tělem
- Creator:
- Dita
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- trans* identities, trans* bodies, and body modifications
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The heteronormative order is based on the categorisation of people into men and women. The categories of man and woman are understood as given, fixed, ahistorical, and universal. Trans* identities represent a ‘border area’ where categories of woman, man, and binary differentiation between ‘male’ and ‘female’ bodies are redefined and re-established. This article is based on an analysis of 18 semi-structured interviews with trans people in the Czech republic. The first part of the article is focused on the ways in which trans* people relate to their bodies. The second part discusses the gender aspects of hormonal body modification. The third part raises the question of passing and legibility in the context of body modification and the representation of their own gender identity.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33608. Transcriptome profiling of genes involved in photosynthesis in Elaeagnus angustifolia L. under salt stress
- Creator:
- Lin, J., Li, J. P., Yuan, F., Yang, Z., Wang, B. S., and Chen, M.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- biomasa, biomass, greening, ion concentrations, photosynthetic parameters, plant height, 2, and 581
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- High salt concentration is a major abiotic stress limiting plant growth and productivity in many areas of the world. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. adapts to adverse environments and is widely planted in the western region of China as a windbreaker and for landscape and soil stabilization. High salt concentrations inhibited photosynthesis of E. angustifolia, but the mechanism is not known. In this paper, RNA-sequencing was used to investigate effects of salt stress on the photosynthetic characteristics of the species. In total, 584 genes were identified and involved in photosynthetic pathways. The downregulation of genes that encode key enzymes involved in photosynthesis and genes correlated to important structures in photosystem and light-harvesting complexes might be the main reason, particularly, the downregulation of the gene that encodes magnesium chelatase. This would decrease the activity of enzymes involved in chlorophyll synthesis and the downregulation of the key gene that encodes Rubisco, and thereby decreases enzyme activity and the protein content of Rubisco., J. Lin, J. P. Li, F. Yuan, Z. Yang, B. S. Wang, M. Chen., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33609. Transcriptome temporal and functional analysis of liver regeneration termination
- Creator:
- Rychtrmoc, D., Hubálková, L., Víšková, A., Antonín Libra, Martin Bunček, and Zuzana Červinková
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie člověka, human physiology, liver regeneration, hepatectomy, gene expression profiling, termination, rat, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Decades of liver regeneration studies still left the termination phase least elucidated. However regeneration ending mechanisms are clinicaly relevant. We aimed to analyse the timing and transcriptional control of the latest phase of liver regeneration, both controversial. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 2/3 partial hepatectomy with recovery lasting from 1 to 14 days. Time-series microarray data were assessed by innovative combination of hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis and validated by real-time RT-PCR. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis in agreement distinguished three temporal phases of liver regeneration. We found 359 genes specifically altered during late phase regeneration. Gene enrichment analysis and manual review of microarray data suggested five pathways worth further study: PPAR signalling pathway; lipid metabolism; complement, coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades; ECM remodelling and xenobiotic biotransformation. Microarray findings pertinent for termination phase were substantiated by real-time RT-PCR. In conclusion, transcriptional profiling mapped late phase of liver regeneration beyond 5th day of recovery and revealed 5 pathways specifically acting at this time. Inclusion of longer post-surgery intervals brought improved coverage of regeneration time dynamics and is advisable for further works. Investigation into the workings of suggested pathways might prove helpful in preventing and managing liver tumours., D. Rychtrmoc, ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33610. Transdisciplinární věda: Prolomení bariér mezi obory
- Creator:
- Roosveltová , Anna C:
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public