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302. Obesity and infection: receprocal causality
- Creator:
- Vojtěch Hainer, Hana Zamrazilová, Marie Kunešová, Běla Bendlová, and Irena Aldhoon Hainerová
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, obezita, infekce, kauzalita, adenoviry, obesity, infections, causality, adenoviruses, adenovirus 36, e4orf1 protein, impaired immunity, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Associations between different infectious agents and obesity have been reported in humans for over thirty years. In many cases, as in nosocomial infections, this relationship reflects the greater susceptibility of obese individuals to infection due to impaired immunity. In such cases, the infection is not related to obesity as a causal factor but represents a complication of obesity. In contrast, several infections have been suggested as potential causal factors in human obesity. However, evidence of a causal linkage to human obesity has only been provided for adenovirus 36 (Adv36). This virus activates lipogenic and proinflammatory pathways in adipose tissue, improves insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and hepatic steatosis. The E4orf1 gene of Adv36 exerts insulin senzitizing effects, but is devoid of its pro-inflammatory modalities. The development of a vaccine to prevent Adv36- induced obesity or the use of E4orf1 as a ligand for novel antidiabetic drugs could open new horizons in the prophylaxis and treatment of obesity and diabetes. More experimental and clinical studies are needed to elucidate the mutual relations between infection and obesity, identify additional infectious agents causing human obesity, as well as define the conditions that predispose obese individuals to specific infections., V. Hainer, H. Zamrazilová, M. Kunešová, B. Bendlová, I. Aldhoon-Hainerová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
303. Obestatin modulates ghrelin's effects on the basal and stimulated testosterone secretion by the testis of rat: an in vitro study
- Creator:
- Afsar, T., Jahan, S., Razak, S., Almajwal, A., Abulmeaty, M., Wazir, H., and Majeed, A.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, testosteron, rozmnožování (biologie), testosterone, reproduction, obestatin, ghrelin, hCG, testicular strips, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The functional antagonism between obestatin and ghrelin in the testis is under investigation. We investigated the ability of obestatin to counteract the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on basal and stimulated testosterone (T) secretion in vitro. Testicular strips from adult rats were incubated with 10 ng/ml and 100 ng /ml of obestatin alone, ghrelin alone and obestatin + ghrelin. Obestatin modulation of stimulated T secretion was evaluated by incubation of testicular samples with 10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml obestatin, ghrelin and obestatin + ghrelin in the absence and presen ce of 10 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). T concentrations in the hCG treated groups were significantly (P<0.0001) higher than those in the control groups. Obestatin caused a significant increase in basal T secretion in a dose-dependent manner; however, obestatin at the both 10 ng /ml and 100 ng/ml significantly (P<0.0001) in creased hCG-stimulated T secretion. In contrast, ghrelin in a dose-dependent manner significantly (P<0.001) decreased both basal and hCG-induced T secretion by testicular slices. Obestatin opposed the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on T secretion under both basal and hCG-stimulated conditions at all doses tested. In conclusions, administration of obestatin was able to antagonize the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on testosterone secretion in vitro ., T. Afsar, S. Jahan, S. Razak, A. Almajwal, M. Abulmeaty, H. Wazir, A. Majeed., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
304. Occurrence of serum antibodies against wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor 0.19 in celiac disease
- Creator:
- Daniel Sánchez, Štěpánová Honzová, S., Hospodková, M., Iva Hoffmanová, Věra Hábová, Petr Halada, Helena Tlaskalová, and Ludmila Tučková
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- celiakie, bezlepková dieta, celiac disease, gluten-free diet, alpha-amylase inhibitor 0.19, IgA, IgG, ELISA, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- D. Sánchez, S. Štěpánová Honzová, M. Hospodková, I. Hoffmanová, V. Hábová, P. Halada, H. Tlaskalová-Hogenová, L. Tučková. and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
305. Ochrana kojenců, důležitý hygienický a sociální úkol měst
- Creator:
- Leopold Batěk
- Publisher:
- Nákladem J. Otty
- Format:
- print, text, regular print, and 56 s. ; 22 cm
- Type:
- model:monograph and TEXT
- Subject:
- Hygiena. Lidské zdraví, kojenci, Česko, raná péče o dítě, výživa kojenců, kojení, mléko, mléčný skot, Hradec Králové (Česko), 316.346.32-053.3, 649-053.3, 613.221, 613.953, 613.287, 636.2.034, (437.3), (437.313), (049), 14, and 613
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- napsal Leopold Batěk
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
306. Olfactory sensitivity in mammalian species
- Creator:
- Wackermannová, M., Pinc, L., and Lukáš Jebavý
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, savci, physiology, mammals, olfaction, sensitivity, odor detection threshold, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Olfaction enables most mammalian species to detect and discriminate vast numbers of chemical structures called odorants and pheromones. The perception of such chemical compounds is mediated via two major olfactory systems, the main olfactory system and the vomeronasal system, as well as minor systems, such as the septal organ and the Grueneberg ganglion. Distinct differences exist not only among species but also among individuals in terms of their olfactory sensitivity; however, little is known about the mechanisms that determine these differences. In research on the olfactory sensitivity of mammals, scientists thus depend in most cases on behavioral testing. In this article, we reviewed scientific studies performed on various mammalian species using different methodologies and target chemical substances. Human and non-human primates as well as rodents and dogs are the most frequently studied species. Olfactory threshold studies on other species do not exist with the exception of domestic pigs. Olfactory testing performed on seals, elephants, and bats focused more on discriminative abilities than on sensitivity. An overview of olfactory sensitivity studies as well as olfactory detection ability in most studied mammalian species is presented here, focusing on comparable olfactory detection thresholds. The basics of olfactory perception and olfactory sensitivity factors are also described., M. Wackermannová, L. Pinc, L. Jebavý., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
307. Omamování: první sociální otázka v době přítomné
- Creator:
- Karel Kálal
- Publisher:
- Státní nakladatelství
- Format:
- print, text, regular print, and 29 s. ; 17 cm
- Type:
- model:monograph and TEXT
- Subject:
- Farmacie. Farmakologie, alkohol, alkoholizmus, nikotin, návykové látky, 14, and 615
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Karel Kálal, Vyd. péčí Ministerstva školství a národní osvěty, and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
308. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced abnormalities in expression of connexin-40 in aorta of hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats
- Creator:
- Frimmel, K., Ružena Sotníková, Jana Navarová, Iveta Bernátová, Križák, J., Zora Haviarová, Kura, B., Ján Slezák, and Ľudmila Okruhlicová
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, omega-3 mastné kyseliny, omega-3 fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide, connexin-40, hypertriglyceridemia, rat aorta, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Omega-3 fatty acids (Ω3FA) are known to reduce hypertriglyceridemia- and inflammation-induced vascular wall diseases. However, mechanisms of their effects are not completely clear. We examined, whether 10-day Ω3FA diet can reduce bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced changes in expression of gap junction protein connexin40 (Cx40) in the aorta of hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (hHTG) rats. After administration of a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) to adult hHTG rats, animals were fed with Ω3FA diet (30 mg/kg/day) for 10 days. LPS decreased Cx40 expression that was associated with reduced acetylcholine-induced relaxation of aorta. Ω3FA administration to LPS rats had partial anti-inflammatory effects, associated with increased Cx40 expression and improved endothelium dependent relaxation of the aorta. Our results suggest that 10-day Ω3FA diet could protect endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aorta of hHTG rats against LPS-induced damage through the modulation of endothelial Cx40 expression, K. Frimmel, R. Sotníková, J. Navarová, I. Bernátová, J. Križák, Z. Haviarová, B. Kura, J. Slezák, Ľ. Okruhlicová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
309. On the pharmacology of oxidative burst of human neutrophils
- Creator:
- Radomír Nosáľ, Katarína Drábiková, Viera Jančinová, Tatiana Mačičková, Jana Pečivová, Perečko, T., Juraj Harmatha, and Jan Šmidrkal
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, proteinové kinázy, apoptóza, protein kinases, apoptosis, human neutrophils, oxidative burst, chemiluminescence, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The effect of three therapeutically used drugs and five polyphenolic compounds on the mechanism of oxidative burst was compared in whole blood and isolated neutrophils at cellular and molecular level. In 10 μM concentration, the compounds investigated decreased the oxidative burst of whole blood in the rank order of potency: N-feruloylserotonin (N-f-5HT) > curcumin (CUR) > quercetin (QUER) > arbutin (ARB) > resveratrol (RES) > dithiaden (DIT) > carvedilol (CARV) > brompheniramine (BPA). The ratio between the percentage inhibition of extracellular versus intracellular chemiluminescence (CL) followed the rank order QUER > N-f-5HT > RES > CUR > DIT and is indicative of the positive effect of the compounds tested against oxidative burst of neutrophils, demonstrating suppression of reactive oxygen species extracellularly with minimal alteration of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation of protein kinase C was significantly decreased by DIT, CUR, QUER and N-f-5HT. CARV, DIT, QUER and ARB reduced activated neutrophil myeloperoxidase release more significantly compared with the effect on superoxide anion generation. All compounds tested increased the activity of caspase-3 in cell-free system. It is suggested that other regulatory mechanisms than protein kinase C might participate in the inhibition of neutrophil activation with the compounds tested. Different mechanisms are concerned in controlling the assembly of NADPH oxidase and the regulatory role of calcium ions is suggested. Compounds decreasing the amount of extracellular ROS generation, yet affecting but minimally intracellular ROS generation, are promising for further investigation in vivo., R. Nosáľ, K. Drábiková, V. Jančinová, T. Mačičková, J. Pečivová, T. Perečko, J. Harmatha, J. Šmidrkal., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
310. Ontogenetic development of sensitivity of the cerebral cortex to an Antagonist of GABAA receptor bicuculline
- Creator:
- Pavel Mareš, Klára Bernášková, and Hana Kubová
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fyziologie člověka, human physiology, Cerebral cortex, Rat, Postnatal development, Epileptic phenomena, Bicuculline, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Local application of four concentrations of bicuculline methiodide (a specific antagonist of GABAA receptors) was used to study a sensitivity of somatosensory cortex in four age groups of immature rats with implanted electrodes. Presence and latencies of two epileptic phenomena (focal discharges and seizures) were evaluated. Focal discharges exhibited moderate tendency to a decrease of sensitivity to bicuculline methiodide with maturation. Concentration-effect relation of incidence of focal discharges was observed only in 7- and 12-day-old but not in older animals. Results with incidence and latencies of seizures did not show relations to age or concentration of bicuculline. Neither of the epileptic phenomena can be used as a reliable index of cortical maturation., P. Mareš, K. Bernášková, H. Kubová., and Seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public