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172. Nucleotide diversity based on csd gene of the black giant honey bee, Apis laboriosa (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
- Creator:
- Wang, Huan, Wang, Zi-Long, Zeng, Zhi-Jiang, Wu, Xiao-Bo, and Yan, Wei-Yu
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hymonoptera, Apidae, Apis laboriosa, complementary sex determination, csd haplotype, nucleotide diversity, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The mechanism of sex determination is common for all honeybee species (Apis spp.) by the complementary sex determination (csd) gene. The csd gene has been studied in the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.), the Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana F.) and the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata F.), whereas no studies had been conducted on the high altitude Himalayan or black giant honey bee, Apis laboriosa Smith. In the present study, we cloned the genomic exon 6 to exon 9 region of the A. laboriosa csd gene, and identified 13 csd haplotypes. The data was analyzed and compared with the other aforementioned three honeybee species. The results showed that, as with the other three Apis species, region 3 of the csd gene contains an RS domain at the N terminal, a proline-rich domain at the C terminal, and a hypervariable region in the middle. A phylogenetic tree showed that the csd haplotypes from A. laboriosa fell into one clade with those from A. dorsata, and were separated from those from the other two species, A. mellifera and A. cerana. The network map also showed that the csd haplotypes from A. laboriosa and A. dorsata are well mixed among each other, and do not form two separate branches. Pairwise Fst analysis revealed that the value between A. laboriosa and A. dorsata was very low (0.098), confirming a close relationship to exist between them., Huan Wang ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
173. O morfologickém významu dvojitých očí u členovců
- Creator:
- Emanuel Rádl
- Publisher:
- Nákladem jubilejního fondu Král. České Společnosti Náuk,
- Format:
- print, svazek, and viii, 57 stran : 1 tabulka.
- Type:
- text, volume, studie, model:monograph, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, členovci, hmyz, oči, morfologie živočichů, 595.2, 2, and 59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- napsal E. Rádl. and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
174. Occurrence of arrhenotoky and thelytoky in a parasitic wasp Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): effect of endosymbionts or existence of two distinct reproductive modes?
- Creator:
- Foray, Vincent, Henri, Helene, Martinez, Sonia, Gibert, Patricia, and Desouhant, Emmanuel
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Venturia canescens, reproductive parasite, thelytokous parthenogenesis, sex evolution, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Endosymbiotic organisms are known to manipulate the reproductive biology of their hosts. Incomplete prevalence of endosymbiont inducing thelytokous parthenogenesis results in the coexistence of sexual and asexual individuals, and could account for the maintenance of sexual reproduction in certain populations or species. In the parasitoid Venturia canescens, arrhenotokous ("sexual") and thelytokous ("asexual") individuals occur sympatrically. We aimed to determine whether endosymbionts are implicated in the thelytoky of V. canescens. After screening females of the two reproductive modes for several reproductive parasites: bacteria (Wolbachia, Rickettsia, Bacteroidetes, Spiroplasma, Arsenophonus) and Microsporidia, we concluded that thelytoky in V. canescens is not induced by any of these parasites and confirmed its suitability as a biological model for solving the evolutionary enigma of the maintenance of sexual reproduction., Vincent Foray ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
175. Occurrence of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in field crops
- Creator:
- Vandereycken, Axel, Brostaux, Yves, Joie, Emilie, Haubruge, Eric, and Verheggen, Francois J.
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Harmonia axyridis, habitat, crops, agroecosystems, ladybird, exotic species, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The Multicoloured Asian Ladybird, Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is known to thrive principally in shrubby and arboreal habitats. This study focuses on the occurrence of this exotic species and its seasonal abundance in various field crops. The abundance of adults, larvae and pupae of H. axyridis was evaluated over a three-year period, from 2009 to 2011, in four important agronomical crops (wheat, corn, broad bean and potato) in Belgium. From May to September, 48 1-m² quadrats were visually inspected in each of the fields sampled on several farms every seven days. H. axyridis colonized and reproduced in all of the four crops studied, with the largest numbers recorded in corn and broad bean crops. Larvae and adults of H. axyridis were recorded mainly in corn and to a much less extent in wheat and potato crops. From 2009 to 2011, the mean weekly abundance of H. ayxridis remained constant except in corn crops, where the recorded densities of all the immature stages and adults were higher in 2011 than in 2009. The population dynamics of aphids and H. axyridis are well described by a symmetric logistic function (S-shape) of cumulative population size. H. axyridis was not always recorded where aphids were abundant, e.g. aphids were abundant on wheat where no H. axyridis were recorded. H. axyridis start reproducing after the peak in aphid population, suggesting that H. axyridis is able to complete its development by feeding on alternative prey such as larvae and pupae of the same and other species of ladybird and other aphidophagous species. H. axyridis is often considered to be bivoltine but it only completes one generation per year in field crops. The second generation generally develops late in the season in other habitats., Axel Vandereycken ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
176. One variable species or multiple cryptic? Mitochondrial phylogeny of Central and North American Chlosyne lacinia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
- Creator:
- Bonebrake, Timothy C., Ward B. Watt, Perez, Alejandro, and Carol L. Boggs
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, Salvador, El Salvador, Phylogeny, genetics, tropical, cryptic species, Melitaeini, Chlosyne, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Recent efforts to catalogue global biodiversity using genetic techniques have uncovered a number of "cryptic" species within morphologically similar populations that had previously been identified as single species. Chlosyne lacinia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with a range extending from the Southwest U.S. to South America, is one of the most phenotypically variable and broadly distributed butterfly species in the New World. We sampled populations of C. lacinia in two temperate locations (California and Arizona) and one tropical location (El Salvador) to determine if cryptic species were present at this scale (temperate vs. tropical). We examined mtDNA sequence variation in COI, COII, the intervening tRNA (Leucine-2), 16S, 12S and an additional intervening tRNA (Valine), accounting for approximately 20% of the mitochondrial genome (3479 bp). Among all C. lacinia individuals, sequence divergence did not exceed 0.0084 compared to a 0.06 estimated divergence between C. lacinia and congener C. leanira. We also found subclade structure which did not clearly correspond to geography or subspecific designation. Though the mitochondrial phylogeny suggests a complex evolutionary history and biogeography, we demonstrate that one C. lacinia species is distributed throughout North and Central America spanning a diverse set of temperate and tropical habitats. and Timothy C. Bonebrake, Ward B. Watt, Alejandro Perez, Carol L. Boggs.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
177. Ovaries of Puto superbus and Ceroputo pilosellae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea): morphology, ultrastructure, phylogenetic and taxonomic implications
- Creator:
- Michalik, Anna, Kalandyk-Kolodziejczyk, Malgorzata, Simon, Ewa, Kobialka, Michal, and Szklarzewicz, Teresa
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Puto superbus, Ceroputo pilosellae, ovariole, germ cells, trophocyte, oocyte, scale insects, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Ovaries of Puto superbus and Ceroputo pilosellae are composed of numerous short telotrophic ovarioles that are arranged around the distal part of the lateral oviduct. An individual ovariole consists of a distal trophic chamber (= tropharium) and proximal vitellarium. The tropharia enclose individual trophocytes (= nurse cells) and early previtellogenic oocytes termed arrested oocytes. A single oocyte develops in each vitellarium. Analysis of serial sections has shown that ovarioles of P. superbus contain from 16 to 51 germ cells (13–43 trophocytes, 2–7 arrested oocytes, 1 developing oocyte) while those of C. pilosellae from only 8 to 10 germ cells (5–7 trophocytes, 0–2 arrested oocytes, 1 developing oocyte). The classification and phylogeny of scale insects are discussed taking into consideration the results of this study., Anna Michalik ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
178. Parasitism and migration in southern Palaearctic populations of the painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
- Creator:
- Stefanescu, Constanti, R. R. (Richard Robinson) Askew, Corbera, Jordi, and Shaw, Mark R.
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, population dynamics, seasonal migration, enemy-free space, primary parasitoids, Cotesia vanessae, secondary parasitoids, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- he painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae) is well known for its seasonal long-distance migrations and for its dramatic population fluctuations between years. Although parasitism has occasionally been noted as an important mortality factor for this butterfly, no comprehensive study has quantified and compared its parasitoid complexes in different geographical areas or seasons. In 2009, a year when this butterfly was extraordinarily abundant in the western Palaearctic, we assessed the spatial and temporal variation in larval parasitism in central Morocco (late winter and autumn) and north-east Spain (spring and late summer). The primary parasitoids in the complexes comprised a few relatively specialized koinobionts that are a regular and important mortality factor in the host populations. However, there was a strong seasonal variation in the level of parasitism. In Spain percentage parasitism was more than four times higher in late summer than in spring (77.3% vs. 18%), while in Morocco it was five times higher by the end of winter than in the autumn (66.2% vs. 13.2%). In both regions the build up of parasitoid populations occurred after V. cardui had bred in the same general area over successive generations, and this may represent a selective force favouring seasonal migration to enemy-free space., Constanti Stefanescu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
179. Parasitylenchus sp. (Tylenchomorpha: Allantonematidae) parasitizing field populations of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
- Creator:
- Harding, Susanne, Poinar, George, Dimitrova, Desislava V., and Steenberg, Tove
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, Coccinellidae, Harmonia axyridis, parasitic nematodes, Allantonematidae, Parasitylenchus sp., field parasitism, invasive species, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Adults of the invasive harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were found to be parasitized by nematodes (Tylenchomorpha: Allantonematidae) in Denmark. The nematodes were identified as Parasitylenchus sp. Major morphological characters of the nematodes did not differ significantly from Parasitylenchus coccinellinae Iperti & van Waerebeke 1968, but minor deviations in egg dimension and tail length were measured. Parasitism was only recorded in early autumn, with prevalence ranging from 2 to 33%. Adult and juvenile nematodes occurred together in the body cavity of both female and male H. axyridis. and Susanne Harding, George O. Poinar, Desislava V. Dimitrova, Tove Steenberg.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
180. Past and present distribution of the cryptic species Leptidea sinapis and L. reali (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Poland and its implications for the conservation of these butterflies
- Creator:
- Konrad Sachanowicz, Wower, Agnieszka, and Jarosław Buszko
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, Evropa střední, Europe, Central, Leptidea, distribution, range changes, expansion, habitat preferences, conservation status, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Using a large sample of museum and newly collected specimens of the cryptic butterfly species Leptidea sinapis and L. reali, identified/confirmed based on genital characters, the patterns in their geographical distributions, historical changes in range and briefly also their habitat associations in Poland, were investigated. Leptidea sinapis occurs mainly in the lowland and upland parts of the country and is rarer than L. reali, which is widespread throughout Poland, including the mountains. In the first half of the 20th century, the range of L. sinapis included the whole of Poland, whereas currently it is confined to eastern and southern regions. Historical records of the distribution of L. reali are concentrated in southern and central Poland. Currently it is recorded from localities throughout Poland. Leptidea reali is recorded most frequently in meadows and shows no clear preference for a particular level of humidity, while L. sinapis is found mainly in woodland and xerothermic habitats. The two species are syntopic within the present range of L. sinapis, which is now a declining and local species, whereas L. reali is now common and widespread. and Konrad Sachanowicz, Agnieszka Wower, Jaroslaw Buszko.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public