Variant branching pattern of the cords of brachial plexus coupled with erroneous communications has been an area of concern for surgeons opting to explore this region. Anaesthetic blocks and surgical approaches are the highlights of these interventions, where a keen familiarization of the anatomy of this region is mandatory. The present case description reports a unilateral variant branching pattern of the posterior cord coexistent with a neural communication between lateral and medial cords in an adult male cadaver. This intercordal neural communication between lateral and medial cords was oriented obliquely and measured 2.2 cm in length. Furthermore, the posterior cord revealed a variant branching pattern. It branched into three upper subscapular nerves and a common trunk for the thoracodorsal and lower subscapular nerves. The lowest of the three upper subscapular nerves gave a communicating twig to the thoracodorsal nerve. Inspite of uncountable reports on variations of brachial plexus, descriptions regarding anomalous branching patterns hold enormous clinical significance for the radiologists, anesthetists and surgeons, besides being of academic interest for the anatomists., Renu Baliyan, Vandana Mehta, Jyoti Arora, Ashish Kr. Nayyar, R. K. Suri, Gaytri Rath, and Literatura 18
Characterization of different component processes of photosynthesis is useful to understand the growth status of plants and to discover possible unintended effects of genetic modification on photosynthesis in transgenic plants. We focused on the changes in photosynthetic gas-exchange properties, reflectance spectra, and plant growth traits among groups of different transgenic barley T1 (TolT1) and its isogenic controls (TolNT1), TolT1, and group of its own transgenic progenies T2 (TolT2), TolNT1 and its wild type (WT), respectively. Gas-exchange measurements showed that only the net photosynthetic rate (P N) and the light-use efficiency (LUE) differed significantly between TolT1 and TolT2 with no obvious changes of other characteristics. Reflectance measurements indicated that the reflectance ratio was sensitive to identify the differences between two barley groups. Differences in reflectance expressed on an index basis depended on barley groups. The relationship between LUE and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) at a leaf level among different barley groups of WT, TolNT1, TolT1 and TolT2 did not changed obviously. The differences in the total leaf area per plant (LA) between WT and TolNT1 as well as between TolT1 and TolT2 were significant. This study finally provided a plausible complex explanation for the unintended effects of genetic transformation on photosynthesis-related properties in barley at different levels. Furthermore, it was concluded that the photosynthesis-related properties of transgenic plants based on gas exchange, leaf reflectance, and plant growth measurements responded to the same environment in a more different way between two subsequent generations than to the processes of the gene insertion by Agrobacterium and associated tissue culture., C. X. Sun ... [et al. ]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Usually, an abelian $\ell $-group, even an archimedean $\ell $-group, has a relatively large infinity of distinct $a$-closures. Here, we find a reasonably large class with unique and perfectly describable $a$-closure, the class of archimedean $\ell $-groups with weak unit which are “$\mathbb Q$-convex”. ($\mathbb Q$ is the group of rationals.) Any $C(X,\mathbb Q)$ is $\mathbb Q$-convex and its unique $a$-closure is the Alexandroff algebra of functions on $X$ defined from the clopen sets; this is sometimes $C(X)$.
Understanding the genetic mechanisms of morphological evolution is one of the greatest challenges in evolutionary biology and for such studies sexually dimorphic traits in closely related species are of prime interest. In the Drosophila bipectinata species complex, which consists of four closely related species, namely D. bipectinata, D. parabipectinata, D. malerkotliana and D. pseudoananassae, the pattern of sex combs (a sexually dimorphic trait) is found to be highly diversified. The present investigation documents some unique and new sex comb phenotypes and demarcates intra- and interspecific variations in the sex comb pattern among the four species and their hybrids. There is remarkable similarity in sex comb pattern of D. bipectinata and D. parabipectinata but it differs from that of D. malerkotliana and D. pseudoananassae, which is in consistent with the phylogenetic relationships among the four species traced out by cytological, biochemical and molecular studies. The genetic basis of inheritance of sex comb patterns, its plausible implication with biogeographical distribution of species and the relationship between degree of hybridization and phylogenetic proximity have been addressed.
We investigate the problem with perturbed periodic boundary values \[ \left\rbrace \begin{array}{ll}y^{\prime \prime \prime }(x) + a_2(x) y^{\prime \prime }(x) + a_1(x) y^{\prime }(x) + a_0(x) y(x) = f(x) , y^{(i)}(T) = c y^{(i)}(0), \ i = 0, 1, 2; \ 0 < c < 1 \end{array}\right.\] with $a_2, a_1, a_0 \in C[0,T]$ for some arbitrary positive real number $T$, by transforming the problem into an integral equation with the aid of a piecewise polynomial and utilizing the Fredholm alternative theorem to obtain a condition on the uniform norms of the coefficients $a_2$, $a_1$ and $a_0$ which guarantees unique solvability of the problem. Besides having theoretical value, this problem has also important applications since decay is a phenomenon that all physical signals and quantities (amplitude, velocity, acceleration, curvature, etc.) experience.
It is proved that a radical class $\sigma $ of lattice-ordered groups has exactly one cover if and only if it is an intersection of some $\sigma $-complement radical class and the big atom over $\sigma $.