Cartilaginous fish of the suborder stingray (Myliobatoidei) have evolved an efficient active self-defence method against potential predators via a poisonous tail spine with a unique venom delivery system and a poorly described venom composition. Abrief overview of this defence mechanism is followed by a description of injury from an encounter with the Whiptail Stingray (Dasyatis margarita) on the mangrove shore of Guinea–Bissau (West Africa). and Aleš Buček, Petr Jan Juračka.
There is one feature common to most types of cancer - profound changes in their cellular metabolism that accommodate the high requirements for fast growth and cell division. This change brings about many advantages to the transformed cell and it is also indispensable for its survival and proliferation. This review describes the differences in metabolism between normal and cancerous cells and outlines strategies that could exploit these differences as tools for oncological treatment. and Věra Slaninová, Alena Krejčí.