Drawing on literary paratexts such as prologues, reviews and letters, this study seeks answers to the question of Meissner’s role in the German-language canon, or rather why his literary legacy has endured for so long. First, Meissner’s personal contacts in the world of literature from a social-historical perspective is considered. This reveals that the repeated criticism of Meissner’s texts, which despite their popularity were to a large extent at odds with the taste of the time, cast him in a bad light. Selected relevant texts will be placed in their discursive context and Meissner’s writings within the parameters of 18th century literary practice examined., Sarah Seidel., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Autorka na základě nově zpřístupněného fondu v Národním archivu připomíná historii Univerzity 17. listopadu a soustředí se na soužití zahraničních studentů s domácím obyvatelstvem v socialistickém Československu v šedesátých letech minulého století. Univerzita 17. listopadu fungovala v Praze a posléze i v Bratislavě v letech 1961 až 1974 jako vzdělávací instituce určená pro studenty ze zemí „třetího světa“, ale i jako školicí středisko pro československé experty mířící do rozvojových zemí, a její existence souvisela s tehdejším československým pronikáním do Afriky, motivovaným politicko-ideologicky a ekonomicky. Její zřízení vycházelo z očekávání, že absolventi univerzity se stanou emisary československých zájmů ve svých domovských státech, tato představa se však podle autorky spíše nenaplnila. Za poměrně častými konflikty mezi československou společností a zahraničnímu studenty vidí autorka především předsudky a averze zdejšího uzavřeného prostředí, k jejichž překonání příliš nepomohla oficiální „internacionalistická“ propaganda ani nedůsledné pokusy o řešení vzniklých incidentů. Otevřenější reflexe těchto problémů nastala až s pražským jarem 1968, kdy Univerzita 17. listopadu také vydávala časopis Fórum zahraničních studentů. Přesto však podle autorky nelze ignorovat přínos této instituce, která přispěla k rozkvětu řady specializovaných vědeckých oborů v Československu (například egyptologie, afrikanistiky, iberoamerikanistiky, etnografie a translatologie) a k navázaní dlouhodobých užitečných kontaktů ve „třetím světě“., Using recently released record groups in the National Archives, Prague, the author considers the history of the University of 17 November (Univerzita 17. listopadu), focusing on the lives of foreign students amongst the local inhabitants of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in the 1960s and early 1970s. The University of 17 November operated in Prague and then in Bratislava from 1961 to 1974 as an educational institution for students from the ‘Third World’, but also as training centre for Czechoslovak experts heading out to developing countries. Its existence was also linked with Czechoslovak attempts to gain a foothold in Africa, motivated ideologically, politically, and economically. It was established with the expectation that graduates from the university would become emissaries of Czechoslovak interests in their home countries. But this expectation, argues the author, was not quite met. Behind the comparatively frequent conflicts between the foreign students and the natives of Czechoslovakia the author sees mainly the prejudice and aversion of the closed local milieu, which were not overcome by either the official ‘internationalist’ propaganda or the inconsistent attempts to deal with incidents that arose. Only after the Prague Spring of 1968, when the University of 17 November was publishing a magazine, Fórum zahraničních studentů (Foreign Students’ Forum), were these problems reflected upon more openly. Nevertheless, according to the author, one cannot ignore the contribution that this institution made towards the flowering of a number of specialized academic fields in Czechoslovakia, including African studies, Latin American studies, ethnography, and translation studies, and to establishing useful long-term contacts in the Third World., Marta Edith Holečková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Studie se orientuje na postižení dlouhodobých vývojových tendencí sociální politiky v období mezi první světovou válkou a polovinou padesátých let. Autor zde především sumarizuje hlavní teze svých předchozích článků a monografických zpracování. Klade přitom důraz na vyznačení kontinuity a diskontinuity v obecné koncepci československé sociální politiky ve sledovaném období. Zároveň věnuje též pozornost otázkám konceptuálním, a to především vysvětlení používání základních pojmů historické analýzy. Studie osciluje mezi dvěma krajními póly konstrukce kauzality – strukturálním a voluntaristickým vysvětlením. Její obsah lze shrnout v jednoduché metafoře: od Bismarcka přes Beveridgea ke Stalinovi. V personifikované podobě tato zkratka vyjadřuje dlouhodobý vývoj československé sociální politiky: od zdůrazňování zásluhových principů, jak byly charakteristické pro tradiční německo-rakouské sociální pojištění, přes podstatně více rovnostářsky orientované národní pojištění z roku 1948, silně ovlivněné britskou inspirací, až po sovětský model sociálního zabezpečení, který se rozvinul během let 1951 až 1956. Součástí výkladu je charakteristika důležitých změn v sociální legislativě Československé republiky a Protektorátu Čechy a Morava v uvedeném časovém rozmezí., This article is concerned with the long-term trends in the development of social policy between the First World War and the mid-1950s. The author begins by summarizing the main ideas of his own previous articles and books. He emphasizes the continuity and discontinuity in the general conception of Czechoslovak social policy in this period. He also considers conceptual questions, particularly those that would help to explain how the basic terms are employed in historical analysis. The article moves between the two poles of the construction of causality – structural explanation and voluntaristic explanation. The content of the article can be aptly summed up in a neat metaphor: from Bismarck by way of Beveridge to Stalin. In personified form, this shortcut expresses the long-term development of Czechoslovak social policy: from an emphasis on principles of merit, characteristic of the traditional German and Austrian social insurance schemes, by way of a considerably more egalitarian national insurance from 1948 (strongly influenced by the British system), to the Soviet model of social security, which developed from 1951 to 1956. The article also considers important changes in social legislation in the Czechoslovak Republic in this period, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia., Jakub Rákosník., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The first Noble Colleges were founded in the 17th and 18th centuries by Jesuits and Piarists as an extension of existing secondary schools with the aim of providing education for the sons of impoverished gentlefolk. In the context of the Counter-Reformation these institutions placed especial emphasis on religious education and the formation of moral and ethical values in their pupils. They were intended chiefly for Catholics of noble birth and Catholic converts who would otherwise have received no education because their parents could not afford it or had died young. After the accession of Marie Theresa and the introduction of new legislation (Articles 74/1715 and 70/1723), the state took charge of these establishments, and with them their scholars, their welfare and their upbringing. Religious education and rote-learning of a narrow curriculum was now supplemented by foreign languages (German, Hungarian and French) and other subjects (calligraphy, arithmetic and geography). In the latter half of the 18th century the Viennese court set up a number of noble academies, including several in Hungary where young Hungarian noblemen could acquire an education commensurate with their social standing. Under Marie Theresa’s system of royal scholarships many poor students from the middle and lower nobility were able to receive an education. During her reign scholarship places in the academies and noble colleges became an instrument of social policy used by senior civil servants as rewards for services rendered, thus ensuring a new generation of public officials indebted and loyal to the Viennese Court., Ingrid Kušniráková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This article presents Christian Kyrill Schneider OFM, a significant yet not widely known Franciscan missionary who lived in the second half of the 18th century and worked in Egypt and surrounding Middle East Area. His autography that is only available as a manuscript and has never been presented before is fully described here. An excerpt of one chapter offers an insight into a catching egodocument from the beginning of the 19th century. This study is set in the context of Franciscan missions with an important focus on the activity of brothers from the Czech lands in the Middle East. The introductory chapter summarizes basic bibliography of history of Franciscan missionaries and their writings., Kateřina Holanová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
a1_The pastoral opera L’Amor non ha legge (premiered in Jaroměřice, 1728) was composed by the vicekapellmeister Antonio Caldara, based on libretto by Domenico Bonlini. It is the first attested dramatic musical composition written at the direct order of Count Johann Adam Questenberg (1678-1752), a connoisseur of music, skilled lute player, an occasional composer, and - above all - a passionate promoter of the Italian opera seria. The present article concerns with the generic examination of the plot of opera seria, with regard to its superior genre, favola pastorale. In L’Amor non ha legge, living in harmony with the Nature gains general appraisal, the Idyllic merry-making in the countryside being sharply contrasted with life in the city and at the (imperial) court. As a result, the main character, young aristocrat, having become enamoured with a shepherdess, leaves for the country where he is allowed to repose and forget the hustle and bustle of the city, as well as its corruptness. These characteristics seem to be fitting the personality of Count Questenberg himself, who sought a refuge from the city to his castle of Jaroměřice, set in the rural region of Southern Moravia. As Bonlini states in his introductory argomento, the aim of the opera is, primarily, to celebrate simple, undemanding Love. Not coincidentally, both meanings of the word ’Amor’ are made use of in the libretto; the abstract ’Love’, as well as the personified name of the God of Love - Amor. Love verses and lovely affections are abundant in the language and the plot of the opera; what Bonlini is most concerned with, especially in the arias, is to depict as many aspects of Love, hence the affects, as possible: constant love, love suffering, requited love, noble love, miserable love, vain love, martyred love, jealous love, despising love, even paternal love., a2_The message of the opera L’Amor non ha legge, therefore, is the imperative of symbiosis between Man and the Laws of Nature; the Law of Love, superior even to the obstacles of social inequality, should - according to Bonlini - always be in accordance with the Reason. Favorizing the pastoral environment over the court and city, in particular, can be read as a laud of the castle of Jaroměřice, which the Count was justly proud of, and which he identified with considerably., Jana Perutková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The aim of the present study is to trace an interpretation of Rousseau’s novel Julie ou la Nouvelle Heloise on the basis of the difference between love and friendship. Starting with a brief reminder of Paul de Man’s interpretation of this novel in Allegories of Reading, the author turns to Jacques Derrida and borrows a key neologism from his book The Politics of Friendship: aimance or lovence, an affective modality which blurs and transcends the duality of love and friendship. On this basis, the author presents a few remarks concerning the literary form of the novel, the configuration of its characters and finally the place of Rousseau’s Julie in the context of his other works. Rather than being an isolated literary work, Julie seems to be an attempt to answer certain questions concerning the relation between individual and society from a different angle than that chosen in The Social Contract., Etienne Balibar ; překlad Josef Fulka., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy