The paper deals with the topic of evangelical preachers of the Helvetic and the Augsburg Confession coming from the Hungarian part of the Habsburg Monarchy, after the Patent of Toleration was issued, and establishing tolerance evangelical congregations in Bohemia and Moravia. Based on studying the sources of particular tolerance Czech congregations (for example Moraveč, Humpolec, Dvakačovice, Lozice, Raná, Sány, Prague), the process of forming a new social stratum of the petty intelligentsia, whose creation was conditioned by the Enlightenment reforms, is outlined. The text shows how the Hungarian preachers made the first contacts with the emerging evangelical communities, gives an idea of the circumstances of their arrival, describes the way of their adapting to an unfamiliar environment and their effort to stabilize the congregations. These particular findings are generalized in order to define some common characteristics typical of this group of Enlightenment intellectuals., Gabriela Krejčová Zavadilová a Hana Stoklasová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The feeding habits of the stone marten (Martes foina) were studied by scat analysis in a village (n = 423 samples) and its surrounding agricultural environment (n= 572), during a six-year study (three periods), in southwest Hungary. Birds (relative frequency 20%, mainly small perching birds) and plants (35%, mainly orchard fruit) were the most important foods for the martens living in the village. Small mammals (29%, mainly voles) and plants (34%, mainly fruit) were the main food resources for the stone martens living in the agricultural environment. With respect to diet composition environment-dependent difference proved significant, but intra-environment difference did not. In comparison with those living in the agricultural environment the stone martens studied living in the village consumed more frequently: 1) heavier prey (greater consumption of domestic animals), 2) arboreal prey (e.g. birds) and 3) prey associated with human settlements (e.g. house mouse, house sparrow, domestic animals).
This article examines the social context of paramilitary violence
and scrutinizes the motives of the perpetrators in Hungary between 1919 and 1921 in a social context. The atrocities committed against middle-class Jews, the article argues, was primarily motivated by greed rather than ethnic and religious hatred; they were favored by the “retreat of the state”, its loss of monopoly on the means of violence and a collusion between the political and social elites and middle-class organizations, on the one hand, and the paramilitary groups, on the other. The article attributes the defeat of the militia movement in Hungary to its leaders’ lack of political talent and the
slow restoration of law and order under the conservative government of István Bethlen in the early 1920s. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
Chromosome numbers for 239 plants from 84 localities in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Germany and Poland are given. Most of the populations were pentaploid (2n = 45), while hexaploid (2n = 54) and tetraploid (2n = 36) populations were rarer. A long marker chromosome was observed in plants from 8 pentaploid populations. Tetraploid plants occurred mainly in Slovakia and Hungary. In the Czech Republic and Germany, most populations were pentaploid. Hexaploid populations (2n = 54) were rare but scattered over the entire study area. The co-occurrence of two different cytotypes was documented at 7 sites. Most tetraploids were fully sexual and only a few tetraploid plants from Poland were apomictic; pentaploid and hexaploid plants were apomictic. Two morphotypes of H. bauhini were distinguished: tetraploid and hexaploid plants from Slovakia and Hungary, and some hexaploid plants from the Czech Republic were assigned to the H. magyaricum group, while tetraploids and hexaploids from the Czech Republic and Poland plus all pentaploids belong to the H. bauhini group.
This paper sheds light on the main trends in translation of Japanese literature in contemporary Hungary and theorize the role of Haruki Murakami’s works in making Japanese literature widely recognized. Firstly, the paper gives a general overview on translations of Japanese literature in Hungary in the post-1989 era. I argue that after a decline in translation in the 1990’s, the spread of anime and manga combined with the popularity of Haruki Murakami’s novels generated a growing interest in Japanese literature and culture in Hungary resulting in changed translation strategies. While translations were limited to pieces of the so-called junbungaku (pure literature) in the pre-1989 era, numerous pieces of taishūbungaku (popular literature) have been translated since the 2000’s, attracting a wider range of readers than ever. Based on book reviews from critics and readers published in traditional and social media, the second part of this paper will explore the main platforms of Japanese literature and analyze its reception. I argue that the magical realist setting combined with dialogues on fundamental questions of life create a specific literary mode which satisfy the Western readers’ desire for the exotic Other, ensuring the place of Japanese literature in the Western literary world.
The first Noble Colleges were founded in the 17th and 18th centuries by Jesuits and Piarists as an extension of existing secondary schools with the aim of providing education for the sons of impoverished gentlefolk. In the context of the Counter-Reformation these institutions placed especial emphasis on religious education and the formation of moral and ethical values in their pupils. They were intended chiefly for Catholics of noble birth and Catholic converts who would otherwise have received no education because their parents could not afford it or had died young. After the accession of Marie Theresa and the introduction of new legislation (Articles 74/1715 and 70/1723), the state took charge of these establishments, and with them their scholars, their welfare and their upbringing. Religious education and rote-learning of a narrow curriculum was now supplemented by foreign languages (German, Hungarian and French) and other subjects (calligraphy, arithmetic and geography). In the latter half of the 18th century the Viennese court set up a number of noble academies, including several in Hungary where young Hungarian noblemen could acquire an education commensurate with their social standing. Under Marie Theresa’s system of royal scholarships many poor students from the middle and lower nobility were able to receive an education. During her reign scholarship places in the academies and noble colleges became an instrument of social policy used by senior civil servants as rewards for services rendered, thus ensuring a new generation of public officials indebted and loyal to the Viennese Court., Ingrid Kušniráková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
A new nematode genus and species, Lucionema balatonense gen. et sp. п., is described from the swimbladder of the European pikeperch, Stizostedion lucioperca (L.), from Lake Balaton in Hungary; a new dracunculoid family Lucionematidae fam. n. is established to accommodate it. The hitherto monotypie family Lucionematidae shows affinities with the families Skrja-billanidae and Daniconematidae, differing from them mainly in having simple oesophagus without external oesophageal glands and the vulva situated near the middle of body; from the first family also in the absence of the buccal capsule and the bursa-like caudal alae in the male. The genus Lucionema gen. n. is characterized mainly by the presence of 8 cephalic papillae in two circlets, absence of spicules, presence of the copulatory plate, only 2 pairs of postanal papillae in the male, and by the distal part of the monodelphic uterus forming a posteriorly directed coil. The body length of L. balatonense females is 1074-1782 pm, that of the only available male 770 pm. A key to the families of the Dracunculoidea is presented.
Štúdia sa venuje vývoju štruktúry a judikatúry maďarského ústavného súdu v období od demokratickej tranzície až po súčasnosť. Jej prvá časť sa sústreďuje na prezentáciu modelu nominácie a výberu sudcov ústavného súdu v Maďarsku. Nasledujúca časť článku sa zaoberá aktuálnymi teoretickými a praktickými dilemami maďarského ústavného súdu, a to konkrétne vzťahu medzi normami medzinárodného, supranacionálneho a národného práva v novej judikatúre, potom problematikou výdobytkov
historickej ústavy a miestom starších rozhodnutí ústavného súdu v súčasnom právnom poriadku
v Maďarsku. and The paper focuses on the development of the structure and judgments of the Hungarian Constitutional Court between the period of democratic transition and present days. First part of paper concentrates on the model of selection and nomination of constitutional judges in Hungary. The following parts of the article deal with the current theoretical and practical dilemmas of the Hungarian Constitutional Court. Namely it focuses on the relationship between the international, supranational and national legal orders in the new judgements and the problem of achivements of the historical constitution and with the position of the old judgements of constitutional court in the current legal situation in Hungary.
A comparative study of material of Sempervivum marmoreum Griseb. from the type locality (Mt Athos, Greece) and the northern part of its distribution revealed a distinct morphotype occurring in an isolated enclave along the Slovak–Hungarian border. As its karyotype differs it is formally described here as a new species – Sempervivum matricum Letz. The name Sempervivum assimile Schott, formerly considered as a possible name for this species is here critically examined. A morphological characterization of the new species, photographs of the plant and a distribution map based on revised herbarium specimens are provided.