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251. Hřbitov v Markovicích u Žleb jako hrobové místo přírodovědce Karla Kněžourka /

Creator:
Hudeček, Jiří J.,
Type:
text and články
Subject:
Biografie, Zoologie, Kněžourek, Karel,, přírodovědci, ornitologové, hroby, hřbitovy, české země 1848-1918, Československo 1918-1938, vědy o živé přírodě, and církevní architektura, hmotné památky, hřbitovy a poutní místa
Language:
Czech
Description:
The cemetery at Markovice by Žleby as the grave site of natural scientist Karel Kněžourek.
Rights:
unknown

252. Hrobaříci - důležitá součást přírody

Creator:
Jan Schneider
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, hmyz, mrchožroutovití, insects, Silphidae, 2, and 59
Language:
Czech
Description:
Hrobaříci jsou malá skupina brouků patřící do čeledi mrchožroutovití (Silphidae), která má na světě okolo 190 druhů. Centrem jejich rozšíření je palearktická oblast. Mezi hrobaříky ale najdeme jak zástupce s rozsáhlým areálem výskytu, tak i druhy endemické. Tito brouci žijí na různých biotopech, ale jsou si vzhledově podobní. Vyvinula se u nich naprosto jedinečná péče o potomstvo, kdy se dospělci starají o své larvy. Ze způsobu života hrobaříků a vzájemných potravních vztahů tak přímo vyplývá význam a užitečnost těchto brouků. Odklízením mršin a urychlováním rozkladných procesů jsou velmi prospěšní., Burying beetles are a small group of beetles, belonging to the carrion beetle family (Silphidae), which has around 190 species worldwide. The centre of their distribution is the Palearctic region. While some species are widely distributed, others are endemics with narrow distribution range. Burying beetles live in different habitats, but they are phenotypically similar. They also have developed unique care for offspring when adults care for their larvae. Their necrophore way of life and mutual food relationships directly highlight the importance and usefulness of these beetles. The major ecological importance of burying beetles lies in the removal of carcasses and acceleration of degradation processes., and Jan Schneider.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

255. Identification and expression pattern analysis of chemosensory receptor genes in the Macrocentrus cingulum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) antennae

Creator:
Ahmed, Tofael, Zhang, Tian-Tao, Wang, Zhen-Ying, He, Kang-Lai, and Bai, Shu-Xiong
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, blanokřídlí, lumčíkovití, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Macrocentrus cingulum, cDNA library, odorant and ionotropic receptors, expression pattern, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Macrocentrus cingulum is an important polyembryonic endoparasitic wasp that attacks larvae of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) and the European corn borer, O. nubilalis (Hübner). Parasitoids use antennae as the main sensory organ to recognize herbivore-induced plant volatiles as host searching cues. The antennal olfaction proteins, odorant receptors (ORs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs) are involved in olfactory signal transduction pathway as a sensory neuron response. In the present study, we constructed a cDNA library from the male and female antennae for identifying the olfaction-related genes in M. cingulum. For that, we sequenced 3160 unique gene sequences and annotated them with gene ontology (GO), cluster of orthologous groups of proteins (COG), and KEGG ontology (KO). Through the homology search, we identified 9 odorant receptors (ORs), 3 ionotropic receptors (IRs) and 1 odorant binding protein (OBP) genes from the cDNA library sequences. Additionally, the expression patterns of these ORs and IRs in different tissues (antennae, heads, thoraxes, abdomens, and legs) were demonstrated by RT-PCR. The qualitative gene expression analyses showed that most of the OR genes were more highly expressed in female than male antennae; whereas IRs, unlike ORs, were more expressed in various male than females tissues. We are the first to report ORs and IRs in M. cingulum, which should help in deciphering the molecular basis of olfaction system in this wasp., Tofael Ahmed, Tian-Tao Zhang, Zhen-Ying Wang, Kang-Lai He, Shu-Xiong Bai., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

256. Identification of 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) using high-throughput sequence data

Creator:
Stoeckle, Bernhard C. and Kuehn, Ralph
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, entomologie, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Ips typographus, 454 sequencing, next generation sequencing, Short tandem repeats, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Novel microsatellite markers for the spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) are identified and characterized using next generation sequencing technology. 18 polymorphic loci were obtained by screening 10,684 reads and tested on 35 bark beetle samples from different locations in Bavaria, Germany. Allelic richness ranged from two to 38 alleles, observed heterozygosity from 0.03 to 0.66 and expected heterozygosity from 0.08 to 0.97. Four loci showed significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and no linkage between loci was detected. The 18 loci, along with another six loci previously described, provide effective analytical tools for analyzing the fine-scale genetic structure of bark beetle populations. The result of this study demonstrates that next generation sequencing technology is a valuable method for isolating microsatellites of a coleopteran species. and Bernhard C. STOECKLE, Ralph KUEHN.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

257. Identification of 37 microsatellite loci for Anthophora plumipes (Hymenoptera: Apidae) using next generation sequencing and their utility in related species

Creator:
Černá, Kateřina and Jakub Straka
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hymenoptera, Apidae, microsatellite development, Anthophora plumipes, 454 sequencing, Anthophorini, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Novel microsatellite markers for the solitary bee, Anthophora plumipes, were identified and characterised using 454 GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing technology. Thirty seven loci were tested using fluorescently labelled primers on a sample of 20 females from Prague. The number of alleles ranged from 1 to 10 (with a mean of 4 alleles per locus), resulting in an observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.05 to 0.9 and an expected heterozygosity from 0.097 to 0.887. None of the loci showed a significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and only two loci showed the significant presence of null alleles. No linkage between loci was detected. We further provide information on a single multiplex PCR consisting of 11 of the most polymorphic loci. This multiplex approach provides an effective analytical tool for analysing genetic structure and carrying out parental analyses on Anthophora populations. Most of the 37 loci tested also showed robust amplification in five other Anthophora species (A. aestivalis, A. crinipes, A. plagiata, A. pubescens and A. quadrimaculata). The result of this study demonstrates that next generation sequencing technology is a valuable method for isolating quality microsatellites in non-model species of solitary bees. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

258. Identification of microsatellite markers for a worldwide distributed, highly invasive ant species Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Creator:
Jan Zima, Lebrasseur, Ophélie, Michaela Borovanská, and Janda, Milan
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, blanokřídlí, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Tapinoma melanocephalum, microsatellites, invasive species, homozygosity excess, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Tapinoma melanocephalum is a worldwide distributed, highly invasive ant species. It lives in close association with human societies and its distribution is human-mediated in large measure. The geographical origin of this ant species is unknown, but its introduction in areas previously devoided of its presence can represent a threat to the native biota, act as an agricultural pest or as a pathogen vector. To investigate the genetic structure and phylogeography of this species we identified 12 new polymorphic microsatellite markers, and in addition, we tested and selected 12 ant-universal microsatellites polymorphic in T. melanocephalum. We genotyped 30 individuals from several islands of Micronesia and Papua-New Guinea. All 24 loci exhibited strong homozygosity excess (45-100%, mean = 86%), while the number of alleles per locus reached usual values (2-18, mean = 6.5), resulting in levels of expected heterozygosity much higher than observed. Based on several robust tests, we were able to exclude artefacts such as null alleles and allelic dropout as a possible cause of the observed pattern. Homozygosity excess might be a consequence of founder effect, bottleneck and/or inbreeding. As our sample population was composed of individuals from several distinct localities, the Wahlund effect might have contributed to the increased homozygosity as well. Despite the provisionally observed deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the newly developed microsatellites will provide an effective tool for future genetic investigations of population structure as well as for the phylogeographic study of T. melanocephalum., Jan Zima Jr., Ophélie Lebrasseur, Michaela Borovanská, Milan Janda., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

259. Immunomodulation in insects post-treatment with abiotic agents: a review

Creator:
Shaurub, El-Sayed H.
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Insects, insecticides, chitin synthesis inhibitors, juvenile hormone analogues, inert particles, antibiotics, heavy metals, radiation, immunomodulation, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
The effects of different abiotic agents that may modulate the activity of an insect’s immune system are reviewed. These agents include insecticides, chitin synthesis inhibitors, juvenile hormone analogues, inert particles, antibiotics, heavy metals, radiation and miscellaneous substances. The significance of studying immunomodulation in insects treated with abiotic agents in relation to both insect control and insect-borne parasitic diseases and the link between immunomodulation in insects post-treatment with both abiotic and biotic agents are discussed., El-Sayed H. Shaurub., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

260. Imperfections in perfect architecture: the orb web of spiders

Creator:
Pasquet, Alain, Marchal, Julia, Anotaux, Mylene, and Leborgne, Raymond
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Arabeae, Zygiella x-notata, web construction, silky structures, anomalies, behavioural variability, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Among animal constructions, the orb webs of spiders are perfect geometrical architectural models. Webs are constructed by means of a succession of behaviours, which are often considered as instinctive and stereotyped. Anomalies in web structure are considered to be a consequence of variability in behaviour. In order to assess the variability in web structure, the spider Zygiella x-notata was allowed to build webs in the laboratory under standardized conditions. Webs (n = 127) were examined for anomalies, which were defined as modifications in the geometrical structure. Ten anomalies in the structure of webs produced by females, aged from 16 to 21 days after their adult moult, are described. The frequency of anomalies per web varies from 5 to 98. A very low percentage of the spiral elements of a web (less than 5%) were affected. Anomalies in the radii were less numerous (mean = 3 ± 3) than those in the sticky spiral (mean = 21 ± 11). Anomalies in the sticky spiral were different and more frequent in the peripheral than central parts of the webs. They were also relatively more numerous in the upper than in the lower part of the webs. Total number of anomalies was positively correlated with particular web characteristics (capture area, length of capture thread, width of the lower part of the web and mean distance between two spiral turns in the lower part) but not to the physical characteristics of the spiders (mass and size). Our results indicate that the orb webs of spiders, which are considered to be perfect geometrical structures, include anomalies mainly in the structure of the sticky spiral. These anomalies were the result of variability in behaviour during web building. In conclusion, their identification and description enable one to use them in spider webs as an index of behavioural variability., Alain Pasquet ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public