Objective: To examine the impact of family history of diabetes mellitus 2 (DM 2) on insulin sensitivity and secretion in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Thirteen healthy women (C), 14 PCOS without family history of DM 2 (FH-) and 8 PCOS with family history of DM 2 (FH+) were examined using euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and an arginine secretion test (insulin and glucagon at fasting glycemia (AIRFG and AGRFG) and at hyperglycemia (AIR14 and AG 14)). FH+ women were more insulin resistant than FH- with lower insulin sensitivity index corrected per lean body mass (p<0.05). They had significantly higher triglycerides (p<0.05) and lower HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) than C or FH- women. Concerning insulin secretion, AIR FG was increased in FH+ women comparing FH- women (p<0.05). Disposition indices derived from AIRFG or AIR14 and insulin sensitivity index did not differ between FH+ or FH-. Thus, women with PCOS with the concomitant family history of DM 2 have lower insulin sensitivity than healthy control women. Insulin resistance observed in these women with PCOS is compensated by increased insulin secretion., J. Vrbíková, T. Grimmichová, K, Dvořáková, M. Hill, S. Stanická, K. Vondra., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The aim of our study was to evaluate rapid insulin pulses and insulin secretion regularity in fasting state in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in comparison to lean healthy women. PCOS (n=8) and controls (n=7) underwent every minute blood sampling for 60 min. Insulin pulsatility was assessed by deconvolution and insulin secretion regularity by approximate entropy methodology. PCOS had higher testosterone (p<0.02), prolactin (p<0.05) and lower sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (p<0.0006) levels than controls. Approximate entropy, insulin pulse frequency, mass, amplitude and interpulse interval did not differ between PCOS and controls. PCOS had broader insulin peaks determined by a common half-duration (p<0.07). Burst mass correlated positively with testosterone (p<0.05) and negatively with SHBG (p<0.0004) and common half-duration correlated positively with prolactin (p<0.008) and cortisol levels (p<0.03). Approximate entropy positively correlated with BMI (p<0.04) and prolactin (p<0.03). Lean PCOS patients tended to have broader insulin peaks in comparison to healthy controls. Prolactin, androgens and cortisol might participate in alteration of insulin secretion in PCOS-affected women. Body weight and prolactin levels could influence insulin secretion regularity., T. Grimmichová, J. Vrbíková, P. Matucha, K. Vondra, P. P. Veldhuis, M. L. Johnson., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Among the factors influencing weight loss and maintenance, psychobehavioral, nutritional, metabolic, hormonal and hereditary predictors play an important role. Psychobehavioral factors influence adherence to lifestyle changes and thus weight loss maintenance. The outcome of short-term weight reduction treatment is mainly affected by changes in energy and nutrient intake and physical activity and thus the impact of hormones can possibly be obscured. In order to reveal hormonal determinants of weight loss, a 4-week in-patient comprehensive weight reduction program was introduced in which food intake and physical activity were under the strict control. Women (n = 67, BMI: 32.4 ± 4.4 kg; age: 48.7 ± 12.2 years) who exhibited stable weight on a 7 MJ/day diet during the first week of weight management were given a hypocaloric diet yielding daily energy deficit 2.5 MJ over the subsequent 3-week period. This treatment resulted in a mean weight lo ss of 3.80 ± 1.64 kg. Correlation analysis revealed that baseline concentrations of several hormones were significantly associated either with a higher (free triiodothyronine, C-peptide, growth hormone, pancreatic polypeptide) or with a lower (insulin-like growth factor-I, cortisol, adiponectin, neuropeptide Y) reduction of anthropometric parameters in response to weight management. In a backward stepwise regression model age, initial BMI together with baseline levels of growth hormone, peptide YY, neuropetide Y and C-reactive protein predicted 49.8 % of the variability in weight loss. Psychobehavioral factors (items of the Eating Inventory, Beck Depression score) did not contribute to weight change induced by a well-controlled short-term weight reduction program., V. Hainer, K. Hlavatá, M. Gojová, M. Kunešová, M. Wagenknecht, V. Kopský, J. Pařízková, M. Hill, J. Nedvídková., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické údaje
Osteoporotic fractures are the result of low density and especially inferior bone quality (microarchitecture) caused by both internal (genes, hormones) and external (life style) influences. Bone mechanosensors are extremely important for the overall integrity of the skeleton, because in response to mechanical load they activate its modeling, resulting in an increase in bone density and strength. The largest physiological loads are caused by muscle contractions. Bone mass in adult men has a closer relationship to muscle mass than is case in women. The sexual differences in the relationship between bone and muscle mass are also apparent in children. Based on the mechanostatic theory, the muscle-bone unit has been defined as a functional system whose components are under the common control of the hormones of the somatotropin-IGF-I axis, sexual steroids, certain adipose tissue hormones and vitamin D. The osteogenic effects of somatotropin-IGF-I system are based on the stimulation of bone formation, as well as increase in muscle mass. Moreover, somatotropin decreases the bone mechanostat threshold and reinforces the effect of physical stress on bone formation. The system, via the muscle-bone unit, plays a significant role in the development of the childhood skeleton as well as in its stability during adulthood. The muscle and bone are also the targets of androgens, which increase bone formation and the growth of muscle mass in men and women, independently of IGF-I. The role of further above-mentioned hormones in regulation of this unified functional complex is also discussed., I. Žofková., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Immunomodulatory steroids, dehydroepiandrosterone and its 7-hydroxylated metabolites and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were determined in sera of 88 women aged 18-75 years. The group consisted of 34 healthy women, 37 women with subclinical and 17 women with manifest hypothyroidism. In all subjects the laboratory parameters of thyroid function (thyrotropin, free thyroxine and triiodothyronine) and thyroid autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin were determined. The aim was to find out 1) whether the above steroids and SHBG levels differ in individual groups according to thyroid status, 2) whether correlations exist among investigated steroids and thyroid laboratory parameters, and 3) whether the respective steroid and SHBG levels differ according to the presence of principal thyroid autoantibodies. With the exception of 7β-hydroxy-dehydroepindrosterone levels, which were decreased in patients with manifest hypothyroidism (p<0.05), no significant differences in steroid and SHBG levels among groups according to diagnosis were found. On the other hand, significantly decreased levels of all the immunomodulatory steroids studied were found in subjects with positive titres of thyroid autoantibodies. This finding was supported by a tight negative correlation among the above steroids and thyroid autoantibodies. In addition, these steroids correlated negatively with thyrotropin and positively with free thyroid hormones. The results point to a negative relationship between the above mentioned immunoprotective steroids and the extent of the autoimmune process in hypothyroidism., K. Drbalová, P. Matucha, M. Matějková-Běhanová, R. Bílek, L. Kříž, H. Kazihnitková, R. Hampl., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
In hemodialyzed patients hormonal disturbances are known to occur. However, melatonin levels have not been completely studied. The aim of the study was to find whether changes in calcaemia affect melatonin secretion. For this reason we followed the nocturnal serum concentrations of melatonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in 9 hemodialyzed patients (6 women and 3 men, aged 37-65 years) both before and 1-3 months after parathyroidectomy at 6 p.m., 9 p.m., 11 p.m., 2 a.m., 5 a.m. and 7 a.m. At 6 p.m. blood samples to evaluate the levels of calcium and phosphate were also collected. Parathyroidectomy resulted in an increase in nocturnal melatonin levels. As expected, the parathyroidectomy was followed by considerable PTH decrease. PTH showed no nocturnal variation before or after parathyroidectomy. Calcium levels significantly decreased after the operation while phosphate levels increased. In summary, in hemodialyzed patients with hyperparathyroidism, parathyroidectomy significantly increases the nocturnal secretion of melatonin. Relationships between the pineal gland and parathyroid glands have yet to be elucidated., R. Kancheva, S. Sulková, F. Švára, M. Hill, L. Kanchev, I. Žofková., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by self-induced starvation leading to severe weight and fat loss. In the present study, we measured fasting plasma levels of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, insulin and glucose in 10 women with a restrictive type of AN and in 12 healthy women (C). Insulin sensitivity was determined according to homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R). Plasma resistin, leptin and insulin levels were significantly decreased, whereas plasma adiponectin levels were significantly increased in patients with AN compared to the C. HOMA-R was significantly decreased in patients with AN compared to the C group. Plasma adiponectin and leptin concentrations negatively and positively correlated with the body mass index and percentage body fat in both groups. Plasma adiponectin levels were negatively related to plasma insulin levels in the AN group only. In conclusion, we demonstrated that AN is associated with significantly decreased plasma leptin and resistin levels, markedly increased plasma adiponectin levels and increased insulin sensitivity. Plasma leptin and adiponectin levels were related to the body size and adiposity. Hyperadiponectinemia could play a role in increased insulin sensitivity of patients with AN. Neither body size and adiposity nor insulin sensitivity are the major determinants of plasma resistin levels in AN. and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) plays an important inhibitory role in osteoclastogenesis. Polymorphisms in the OPG gene recently have been associated with various bone phenotypes including fractures. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between three informative OPG polymorphisms and quantitative ultrasound variables of the heel. In a cohort of 165 perimenopausal women polymorphisms in the OPG promoter (A163G, T245G) and in exon 1 (G1181C) were assessed by PCR-RFLP analysis. The distribution of the investigated genotypes was similar to other Caucasian women (A163G-AA 68 %, AG 30 %, GG 2 %, T245G-TT 84.4 %, TG 15 %, GG 0.6 %, G1181C-GG 22 %, CG 55 %, CC 23 %). After adjustment for body mass index and years since menopause, in a subgroup of 87 postmenopausal subjects, calcaneal velocity of sound (VOS, m/s) was significantly associated with A163G polymorphism (p=0.0102, ANCOVA). Women with the presence of G allele (AG+GG genotypes) had significantly lower VOS than women with AA genotype. Neither T245G nor G1181C were associated with calcaneal ultrasound indices. In conclusion, A163G polymorphism was significantly associated with VOS at the heel in a limited cohort of postmenopausal women. The present study replicated in part the previous findings about OPG gene variations and peripheral bone mass in Caucasian women., K. Zajíčková, A. Zemanová, M. Hill, I. Žofková., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy