This paper explores how women’s roles and participation in resistance to Czechoslovak communism from 1968 to the Velvet Revolution serve as a base for Czech feminist thought. By examining three generations of participants through a gendered, Beauvoirian lens, the emergence of feminism can be easily charted through changing perceived gender roles and increased attention to gender issues. After the events of the Prague Spring, women from different groups of the Czechoslovak underground risked their own safety to exercise free speech and expression. Women’s struggles for greater liberties were framed by traditional gender barriers, supposed communist equality, and Western influence. To understand the experiences of female dissidents as a base for Czech feminist thought, one must examine the nature and progression of various underground communities and women’s roles within them. Since 1968, an increased emphasis on women’s freedoms and liberties has helped create a unique, local sense of femininity and feminism., Megan R. Martin., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The growth response to angiotensin II (Ang II) was studied using cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) isolated from the aortae of male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Systolic and mean arterial blood pressure of 10-week-old males was significantly higher when compared to age-matched females. The specific growth rate of male VSMC was significantly higher on the third and sixth day after synchronisation. Angiotensin II in concentration 10~7 M stimulated the specific growth rate only in male VSMC during the exponential phase of growth. Moreover, doubling time was 3 hours shorter in male VSMC in comparison with the females. Our results suggest that both the increased specific growth rate and augmented growth-response of male VSMC to Ang II may explain the higher sensitivity of males to hypertensive stimuli.
This article argues that, despite Poland’s better situation during the economic crisis, the long-lasting rationalisation of permanent austerity overshadows and hinders any alternative solutions in the field of social policies. In this sense, the crisis that hurt the economies of many other countries represented a reference frame for adhering to the path of austerity policies in Poland. The neoliberal track in social and economic policies was accompanied by the strengthening of their conservative pillar: any slight improvements in family policies took a maternalist direction, with a well-paid maternity leave prolonged to one year without the same individual rights being granted to fathers. Finally, the crisis served as a background for the Catholic Church’s attack on the category of “gender”, an example of moral panic. The policy changes as well as the stronger anti-feminism in public discourse were in line with the institutional and ideological legacies of the period of transition, while the crisis served as a direct and indirect reference point for the actors behind these developments., Dorota Szelewa., and Obsahuje seznam literatury