This paper argues, in essence, that toli, a gbe dialect spoken in Benin, has two underlying tones: high and low. All other tones are derived from these basic tones, as demonstrated by numerous examples in the article.
Corn buntings in the Wielkopolska region (W Poland) show a clear local dialect pattern of microgeographic song variation only in relatively dense and stable populations, which inhabited typical farmland landscape. In less preferred habitats, where males were much more dispersed, or in sites that where colonized recently, we found no such a pattern of song type sharing. The between-individual song type variation was higher in such sites and males from such locations did not sing any common dialect. The pattern of full and shortened song variant usage was rather inconsistent. Shortened song variants were used more frequently during counter-singing than solo-singing, but some song types were shortened more often than others regardless of the context.