The paper aims at a unification of the two directions in contemporary philosophy of science: the direction which deals with the relation of data to phenomena with the direction which deals with the knowledge about mechanism and its employment in scientific thinking. It aims also at a reconstruction of the development of scientific knowledge which is characterized in contemporary philosophy of science as a movement from data, via phenomena, to mechanisms. An attempt will be made to show that this in fact amounts to an assignment of philosophical categories like data, phenomena, mechanism, etc. This unification and reconstruction draws also on the reconstruction of the main stages of the development of knowledge leading from A.-J. Ångström’s measurement of the wave-lengths of spectral lines of hydrogen in 1868 to N. Bohr’s theory of the hydrogen atom proposed in 1913., Práce se zaměřuje na sjednocení obou směrů současné filosofie vědy: směr, který se zabývá vztahem dat k jevům se směrem, který se zabývá znalostmi o mechanismu a jeho využití ve vědeckém myšlení. Zaměřuje se také na rekonstrukci rozvoje vědeckých poznatků, které jsou v současné filosofii vědy charakterizovány jako pohyb od dat, přes jevy, k mechanismům. Pokusíme se ukázat, že to ve skutečnosti představuje přiřazení filosofických kategorií, jako jsou data, jevy, mechanismy atd. Toto sjednocení a rekonstrukce čerpá také z rekonstrukce hlavních etap rozvoje znalostí vedoucích z A.- J. Ångströmovo měření vlnových délek spektrálních čar vodíku v roce 1868 až N., and Igor Hanzel
A convincing body of evidence now exists, from both human and animal studies, and encompassing epidemiological to experimental, to indicate that the common protozoan Toxoplasma gondii can cause specific behavioural changes in its host. Such behavioural alterations are likely to be the product of strong selective pressures for the parasite to enhance transmission from its intermediate host reservoir, primarily rodent, to its feline definitive host, wherein sexual reproduction can occur and the parasite's life cycle completed. Here we consider what the available data to date may reveal about the potential mechanisms involved, the future research that needs to be performed, and the subsequent implications for animal and human health.