We investigated the predatory potential and food preference of different life stages of Coccinella septempunctata L. for a nutritious aphid (mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi) and toxic aphid (cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae). We provided all the life stages of C. septempunctata with either L. erysimi or B. brassicae and found that the second, third and fourth instar larvae and adult females of this predator consumed daily greater numbers of L. erysimi. However, the first instar larvae and adult males consumed similar numbers of both of these aphids. In choice condition, each larva, adult males and females were each provided separately with a mixed aphid diet in three proportions (i.e. low: high, equal: equal and high: low densities of L. erysimi: B. brassicae). We hypothesized that life stages of C. septempunctata will prefer L. erysimi regardless of its proportions. Laboratory experiments supported this hypothesis only at the adult level in terms of high values of β and C preference indices. However, it rejects this hypothesis at the larval level, as larvae preferred B. brassicae when provided with certain combinations and showed no preference in a few combinations. We infer that mixtures of nutritious and toxic aphids may enable this ladybird to overcome any probable nutritional deficiency and/or reduce the toxicity of a toxic diet, especially for the larvae. Results of the treatment in which a high proportion of B. brassicae were consumed along with fewer L. erysimi indicates that a mixed diet could be better for the development of immature stages of C. septempunctata., Mushtaq A. Guroo, Ahmad Pervez, Kuldeep Srivastava, Rakesh K. Gupta., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Two-choice experiments on prey preferences of a generalist predator Pterostichus melanarius, and five species of slug prey, were conducted in the laboratory. Different preferences of P. melanarius for each of the slug species are described. They are interpreted as the outcome of differing slug species-specific defence mechanisms. The influence of hunger level, temperature, day/light period, condition of slugs and beetles, weight of slugs and beetles, and the sex of beetles were controlled experimentally or statistically. The order of slug species preference for predation by P. melanarius was: Deroceras reticulatum (Agriolimacidae), Malacolimax tenellus, Lehmania marginata (Limacidae), Arion distinctus and A. subfuscus (Arionidae). Efficiency of slugs' species-specific defence mechanisms reflected their phylogeny. Defence mechanisms of slugs from the superfamily Arionoidea were significantly more effective at deterring an attack of non-specialised ground beetles than the defence mechanisms of slugs from Limacoidea superfamily. P. melanarius significantly preferred Agriolimacidae to Limacidae, and Limacidae to Arionidae. Slug species was the strongest factor influencing prey preferences of P. melanarius amongst slug prey. Surprisingly, this preference was much more significant than the slug weight. Weight and sex of P. melanarius had no impact on its prey preference.
In a laboratory experiment, we investigated the preference of larvae and adults of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) for three aphid species: two essential prey, Acyrthosiphon pisum and Aphis philadelphi, and a toxic prey Aphis sambuci. Surprisingly, the toxic aphid was consumed at twice the rate of the two essential prey species. The stages and genders of the ladybirds did not differ in their preference for aphid species. In the tritrophic interaction, in the field, on the elder host plant Sambucus nigra, A. sambuci is usually avoided by C. septempunctata. To measure ladybird preference, apterous females of the three selected aphid species were released in a Petri dish followed by a ladybird. After four hours, we removed the ladybird, counted the number of aphids of each species that survived, and calculated the number of aphids of each species consumed in total. We examined preference by considering separately the first two aphids consumed by a predator (early feeding), and all remaining aphids consumed thereafter (late feeding). The consumption rates of the first two individuals did not deviate from expected values with no preference; i.e., ladybirds fed on aphids without choice in the beginning of experiment when they were hungry. The ladybirds did express preference thereafter, but our hypothesis that the ladybirds should be able to distinguish among the aphids during later phase of the experiment and choose the most profitable species, or at least distinguish between essential and toxic prey, was rejected.
The predation rate of the polyphagous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) when offered two aphid species, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), was investigated. Equal or unequal numbers of nymphs of each instar of the aphids were offered to the predator alone or together. Aphids were placed on an eggplant leaf, together with a fifth instar nymph of the predator in a plastic Petri dish and kept in growth cabinets at 25°C, 65 ± 5% r.h., and a 16L : 8D photoperiod. The predation rate of M. pygmaeus was always higher on M. persicae than on M. euphorbiae. However, biomass consumption was highest when instars of M. euphorbiae were offered in unequal numbers. The predator showed a strong preference and higher biomass consumption of first and second instar M. persicae. In tests where M. euphorbiae was the prey, preference and biomass consumption were almost always higher for the first instar. Therefore, first and second instar M. persicae and first instar M. euphorbiae provide optimal prey for M. pygmaeus. The implication of the prey preference shown by M. pygmaeus for the biological control of these two aphid species is discussed.