Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in the world's female population and with the highest lethality index among gynecological tumors. The prognosis of metastatic disease is usually poor, especially in platinum-resistant cases. There are several options for the treatment of metastatic disease resistant to platinum derivates (e.g. paclitaxel, topotecan and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin), all of which are considered equipotent. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) is a liposomal form of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin. It is characterized by more convenient pharmacokinetics and a different toxicity profile. Cardiotoxicity, the major adverse effect of conventional doxorubicin, is reduced in PLD as well as hematotoxicity, alopecia, nausea and vomiting. Skin toxicity and mucositis, however, emerge as serious issues since they represent dose and schedule-limiting toxicities. The pharmacokinetics of PLD (prolonged biological half-life and preferential distribution into tumor tissue) provide new possibilities to address these toxicity issues. The extracorporeal elimination of circulating liposomes after PLD saturation in the tumor tissue represents a novel and potent strategy to diminish drug toxicity. This article intends to review PLD characteristics and the importance of extracorporeal elimination to enhance treatment tolerance and benefits. and O. Kubeček, M. Bláha, D. Diaz-Garcia, S. Filip
High grade gliomas are some of the deadliest human tumours. Conventional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have only a limited effect. Nowadays, resection is the common treatment of choice and although new approaches, such as perioperative magnetic resonance imaging or fluorescent microscopy have been developed, the survival rate of diagnosed patients is still very low. The inefficacy of conventional methods has led to the development of new strategies and the significant progress of nanotechnology in recent years. These platforms can be used either as novel imaging tools or to improve anticancer drug delivery into tumours while minimizing its distribution and toxicity in healthy tissues. Amongst the new nanotechnology platforms used for delivery into the brain tissue are: polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, nanoshells, carbon nanotubes, superparamagnetic nanoparticles and nucleic acid based nanoparticles (DNA, RNA interference [RNAi] and antisense oligonucleotides [ASO]). These nanoparticles have been applied in the delivery of small molecular weight drugs as well as macromolecules - proteins, peptides and genes. The unique properties of these nanoparticles, such as surface charge, particle size, composition and ability to modify their surface with tissue recognition ligands and antibodies, improve their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. All of the above mentioned characteristics make of nanoplatforms a very suitable tool for its use in targeted, personalized medicine, where they could possibly carry large doses of therapeutic agents specifically into malignant cells while avoiding healthy cells. This review poses new possibilities in the large field of nanotechnology with special interest in the treatment of high grade brain tumours. and P. Krůpa, S. Řehák, D. Diaz-Garcia, S. Filip
The colorectal cancer ranks high among the malignant tumours in incidence and mortality and irinotecan is standardly used in palliative treatment of metastatic disease in every therapeutic line. Unfortunately, the treatment with irinotecan is often associated with severe toxicities, especially neutropenia and diarrhea. The majority of the toxic manifestation is caused by the insufficient deactivation (glucuronidation) of irinotecan active metabolite SN-38 by UGT1A enzyme. The elevated SN-38 plasma concentration is responsible for the hematological and gastrointestinal toxicity that can become life-threatening. The patients carrying the mutation of the gene encoding UGT1A enzyme lack the ability of bilirubin glucuronidation, and suffer from the inherited un-conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert syndrome, Crigler-Najjar type 1 and 2 syndrome). The mutations in other enzyme systems also play role in the etiopathogenesis of the irinotecan toxicity: CYP3A (cytochrome P-450), ABC family of transmembrane transporters (adenosine-triphosphate binding cassette). The goal of the contemporary research is to determine the predictive factors that will enable the individual adjustment of the individual drug dosage while minimising the adverse effects and maintaining the treatment benefit. and A. Paulík, J. Grim, S. Filip
Primární řasinka je senzorická buněčná organela, která se v klidové fázi buněčného cyklu vyskytuje u většiny lidských buněk, včetně buněk embryonálních, kmenových a buněk stromatu nádoru. Přítomnost primární řasinky na povrchu buňky je přechodná: vyskytuje se v klidové G1 (G0) fázi a na počátku S fáze buněčného cyklu. Bazálním tělískem primární řasinky je mateřská centriola. U většiny nádorových buněk se primární řasinka nevyskytuje. Výjimkou jsou nádory, které jsou závislé na signální dráze Hedgehog a tím i na primární řasince, jako například bazocelulární karcinom kůže či meduloblastom. Primární řasinka je pozorována i u trojitě negativního karcinomu prsu. V primárních řasinkách je přítomna řada receptorů, včetně mechanosenzorů, receptorů pro růstové faktory (EGFR, PDGFR), hormony (somatostatin), biologicky aktivní látky (serotonin) a morfogeny (Hedgehog, Wnt). V primární řasince se vyskytují signální dráhy Hedgehog a Wnt. U těch typů lidských buněk, které mají primární řasinku – tedy u naprosté většiny buněk, se signální dráhy Hedgehog a Wnt vyskytují výlučně právě jen v primární řasince. Cílem tohoto sdělení je přehled biologických funkcí primárních řasinek., The primary cilium is a sensory organelle protruding in the quiescent phase of the cell cycle from the surface of the majority of human cells, including embryonic cells, stem cells and stromal cells of malignant tumors. The presence of primary cilium on the cell surface is transient, limited to the quiescent G1 (G0) phase, as well as the beginning of the S phase of the cell cycle. Primary cilium is formed from the centriole. Most cancer cells do not posses the primary cilium, with some exceptions, such as tumors depending on the Hedgehog pathway -e.g. basal cell carcinoma or medulloblastoma. The primary cilium is present also in cells of triple negative breast carcinoma. Primary cilia are equiped with a variety of receptors, including mechanosensors, receptors for growth factors (EGFR, PDGFR), hormones (somatostatin), biologically active substances (serotonin) and morphogens (Hedgehog, Wnt). Multiple components of Hedgehog and Wnt pathways are localized in the primary cilium. In the human cells possessing the primary cilium (majority of the human cells) Hedgehog and Wnt pathways are located exclusively in primary cilium. The aim of this paper is review of the current knowledge of the biological functions of the primary cilia., Josef Dvořák, Veronika Sitorová, Dimitar Hadži Nikolov, Jaroslav Mokrý, Igor Richter, Stanislav Filip, Aleš Ryška, Jiří Petera, and Lit.: 46
Léčebně neovlivnitelná progrese onkologického onemocnění a předchozí protinádorová terapie, kterou pacient absolvoval, jsou častou příčinou náhlého zhoršení celkového stavu pacienta. Hovoříme o akutních stavech, které pacientovi zhoršují jeho celkovou kvalitu života včetně jeho ohrožení na životě. Autoři se ve svém sdělení zabývají problematikou vybraných akutních stavů u nemocných s ukončenou onkologickou léčbou a zařazených do programu paliativní onkologické péče., Medical uninfluenced progression of cancer and previous anticancer therapy, the patient has received are a common cause of sudden deterioration of general condition. We are talking about a medical emergency and patients impair its overall quality of life, including its threat to life. The authors deal with its communication of selected acute conditions in patients with end-cancer therapy and included in the programme of palliative cancer care., Ladislav Slováček, Stanislav Filip, Birgita Slováčková, Iva Slánská, Peter Priester, and Literatura 46