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Start Over Coverage 1-5 Language English Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Original context has metadata only false

1. An unexpected tenant: contamination in a Physeter catodon (Physeteridae, Artiodactyla) genome indicates undescribed species of Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882 (Sarcocystidae, Eucoccidiorida) in the marine environment

Creator:
Faria, Joaquim Filipe and Harris, David James
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
endoparasite, sperm whale, marine mammal, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarcocytis canis
Language:
English
Description:
Data mining animal of genomes has been used before to identify endoparasites, and may be a particularly useful tool to surpass some difficulties faced by studies in the marine environment. We detected a species of Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882, contamination in the sperm whale (Physeter catodon Linnaeus) reference genome available in the GenBank database. We identified and extracted multiple gene fragments and placed the sequences in a phylogenetic framework. Our results indicate that the sequences of Sarcocystis sp. found in the genome do not correspond to any currently described species, despite a few other similar sequences having been identified in fur seals (Pinnipedia) and another sperm whale. Including data from previous studies, we suggest there is enough evidence to support the occurrence of at least four species of Sarcocystis in marine mammals. We also demonstrate that the term "S. canis-like" has been used for samples not closely related to Sarcocystis canis Dubey et Speer, 1991.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

4. Cooperative defence of colonial breeding house martins (Delichon urbicum) against nest-usurping house sparrows (Passer domesticus)

Creator:
Savvas , Ieziekel and Reuven, Yosef
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Cyprus, colonial defence, and nest construction
Language:
English
Description:
The usurpation of house martin nests by house sparrows has previously been reported. However, our study demonstrates how neighbouring house martins cooperatively defended against nest-usurping attempts by house sparrows. House martins collectively helped a conspecific pair build their nest at a much faster pace than would be possible for the breeding pair alone, within several hours as compared to a couple of days, in order to overcome the continued attempts of house sparrows to usurp the partially built nest. In our study, between the two breeding seasons of 2018 and 2019, the number of breeding house martins at the study site decreased by almost 63% while in contrast the number of house sparrow breeding pairs increased almost sixfold. The number of usurped nests by house sparrows was comparatively higher in 2019 as compared to 2018.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

5. Detection and molecular characterisation of intestinal parasites in the South China tiger Panthera tigris amoyensis (Hilzheimer)

Creator:
Chiu, Hung-chuan, Fan, Kewei, Sun, Xiaoshuang, Lin, Kaixiong, Chen, Tengteng, Yang, Fei, Qiu, Yunfei, Wei, Dongxia, and Huang, Cuiqin
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Mini-FLOTAC, Toxascaris leonina, Cystoisospora sp., Felidae, Meihua, mountain, and China
Language:
English
Description:
Parasitic infections of the South China tigers in the Meihua Mountains have not been explored previously. Faeces of 22 South China tigers from the China Tiger Park in the Meihua Mountains were examined. Eggs of ascaridoid nematodes and oocysts of coccidia were detected by Mini-FLOTAC assay. Morphological observation and molecular characterisation of the oocysts were carried out. The prevalence of Toxascaris leonina (von Linstow, 1902) was 18% (4/22), and the highest egg per gram (EPG) count in the faeces was 27,150. The prevalence of Cystoisospora sp. was 45% (1 0/22) and the highest oocysts per gram (OPG) in the faeces was 6,000. In addition, we found one ascaridoid nematode in the South China tiger's faeces and was molecularly and morphologically identified as T. leonina. The oocysts in the faeces were sporulated in vitro and identified as Cystoisospora sp. Amplification of full-length internal transcribed spacers (ITS) resulted in sequences 1,622 bp long. Using the sequences, Cystoisospora sp. of the South China tiger was closest to Isospora belli (Wenyon, 1923) and Cystoisospora suis (Biester, 1934).
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

6. Diagnostic accuracy of adjusted low IgG avidity index to predict acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in the first trimester of pregnancy

Creator:
Skvarč, Miha
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
congenital toxoplasmosis, serology, ROC curve, and infection in pregnancy
Language:
English
Description:
Congenital toxoplasmosis is reportable disease in Europe. To prevent it antibody serological tests were introduced in several European countries as a part of screening programmes. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity index testing is one of these tests for diagnosing acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) in pregnant women. However, a low or moderate IgG avidity index can give inconclusive results for predicting woman's status. From June 2012 until the end of 2014, 17,990 women were included in the national screening program to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis. One hundred and twenty-six women were consecutively included in the study because they had low or moderate IgG avidity. Every woman with possible acute toxoplasmosis was followed up every month till delivery. Fifty-eight of 126 (46%) women got infected in months before current pregnancy, 39 women (31%) were infected early in pregnancy. Twenty-nine pregnant women of 126 (23%) got infected in the second/third trimester of pregnancy. New cut off for IgG avidity index was 0.11. With this cut off, we were able to exclude T. gondii acute infection in the first trimester with very good diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.95, 95% confidence Interval (CI) 0.91-0.99, sensitivity 0.95, specificity 0.86). If an IgG avidity index above 0.11 is measured in a woman's serum and she is in the first trimester of pregnancy, then a odds ratio (OR) for acute infection with T. gondii is below 1 (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.05-0.25, P < 0.0001). If we measure IgG avidity index that is ≥ 0.11 in the first trimester of pregnancy, we can exclude infection with T. gondii with good diagnostic accuracy in our cohort of women. With a new cut off we could reduce number of invasive procedures such as amniocentesis and put less pregnant women in distress.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

7. Does the fish-infecting Trypanosoma micropteri belong to Trypanosoma carassii?

Creator:
Zhang, Peng, Chen, Ke, Svobodová, Michaela, Yang, Ting-Bao, Lukeš, Julius, Zhang, Jinyong, Lun, Zhao-Rong, and Lai, De-Hua
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
trypanosomes, 18S rRNA gene, morphological data, host ranges, fish, classification, and synonymy
Language:
English
Description:
Recently, based on a limited morphological characterisation and partial 18S rRNA gene sequence, Jiang et al. (2019) described Trypanosoma micropteri Jiang, Lu, Du, Wang, Hu, Su et Li, 2019 as a new pathogen of farmed fish. Here we provide evidence based on the expanded sequence dataset, morphology and experimental infections that this trypanosome does not warrant the establishment as a new species, because it is conspecific with the long-term known Trypanosoma carassii Mitrophanow, 1883, a common haemoflagellate parasite of freshwater fish. The former taxon thus becomes a new junior synonym of T. carassii.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

8. Effect of pine bark (Pinus radiata) extracts on sporulation of coccidian oocysts

Creator:
Molan, Abdul Lateef , Liu, Zhuojian, and De, Shampa
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, pine bark, Pinus radiata, sporulation, and anticoccidial activity
Language:
English
Description:
A series of experiments have been undertaken to determine the effect of water extracts from pine bark (Pinus radiata) on the inhibition of the sporulation of oocysts of three species of avian coccidia. Tubes containing coccidian oocysts isolated from droppings of coccidia-infected chickens were randomly assigned to 0, 250, 500 and 1000 µg/ml pine bark extract (PBE). The tubes were incubated at 25-29 oC for 48 h depending on the species of Eimeria. Sporulation inhibition bioassay was used to evaluate the activity of PBE on the sporulation of coccidian oocysts. The oocysts were gently aerated with an air pump away from sun light. The results show for the first time that water-soluble extracts from pine bark containing 35% condensed tannins have anticoccidial activity as evidenced by their ability to decrease significantly the sporulation of the oocysts of three species of Eimeria, namely Eimeria tenella (Railliet et Lucet, 1891), E. maxima Tyzzer, 1929 and E. acervulina Tyzzer, 1929, under laboratory conditions. Incubation of unsporulated oocysts of these parasites in water containing 500 µg PBE per ml resulted in inhibition of sporulation of these oocysts by about 28-84% relative to the oocysts in the control incubations. In addition, up to 12% of E. maxima oocysts exposed to 500-1000 µg pine bark/ml were containing abnormal sporocysts in terms of size, number and shape.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

9. Further data on the distribution of Dirofilaria spp. in the Czech Republic in dogs

Creator:
Juránková, Jana, Šenkyříková Mitková, Barbora, Novotná, Marcela, Hofmannová, Lada, Červená, Barbora, Bowman, Dwight D., and Modrý, David
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
dirofilariosis, Central Europe, autochthonous infection, and COI
Language:
English
Description:
Based on previously published data, the Czech Republic is regarded an endemic country of the onchocercid nematodes Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) and Dirofilaria repens Railliet et Henry, 1911. Nevertheless, while cases of D. repens are commonly reported from dogs in South Moravia, no recent records of D. immitis are available. Therefore, the present study was performed to clarify the occurrence of both species of Dirofilaria Railliet et Henry, 1910. Blood samples of 551 dogs sampled during 2015 and 2016 were analysed microscopically for presence of microfilariae and blood sera were examined by IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® test (IDEXX, USA). DNA from blood of microscopically positive dogs was extracted and PCR protocol amplifying fragment of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was performed; PCR products were then sequenced. All dogs from the Bohemian part of the Czech Republic were negative. The prevalence of D. repens in the Moravian region was 5.7 % (27/476). BLAST analyses of obtained sequences confirmed the presence of D. repens (99-100% identical to KX265049). All sampled animals showed a negative result for D. immitis antigen in IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® test. Our study confirmed the previously reported occurrence of D. repens in South Moravia and revealed its spreading from the epicentre to the north and west. PCR with subsequent sequencing together with negative results for D. immitis antigen in IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® test revealed only D. repens infection. A previously published autochthonous infection of dogs with D. immitis in South Moravia was not confirmed.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

10. Genotype diversity, phylogenetic analysis and seasonality of isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. in swimming pools in Kafrelsheikh, Egypt

Creator:
El-Wakil, Eman S., El-Kholy, Hanan S., El-Araby, Rady E., and Ghallab, Marwa M. I.
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Acanthamoebidae, sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and seasonal variation
Language:
English
Description:
Species of Acanthamoeba Volkonsky, 1931 are the commonest among free-living amoebae that are widespread in different water resources but with lacking phylogenetic data. This study aims at detecting molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of Acanthamoeba isolates in Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt. Forty-eight water samples were collected from 12 swimming pools; four samples during each season over one year. Samples were filtered, cultivated on non-nutrient agar plates and examined microscopically. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis of positive samples targeting diagnostic fragment 3 (DF3) of the small subunit rRNA gene were done. Cultivation succeeded to detect 14 (29%) positive samples while PCR missed three positive samples. The obtained sequences were phylogenetically analysed. The phylogenetic tree was constructed for them with sequences of reference species from the NCBI database. The identified species were Acanthamoeba castellanii Douglas, 1930 (T4), A. astronyxis (Ray et Hayes, 1954) (T9) and A. hatchetti Sawyer, Visvesvara et Harke, 1977 (T11). The prevalence of species of Acanthamoeba was higher during summer and fall. Therefore, the control of the presence of Acanthmoeba spp. in swimming pools needs immediate, effective and practical measures to prevent and control infection with species of Acanthamoeba.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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