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2. 2000 let od římského vojenského tažení proti Marobudovi. Naše nejstarší historické výročí a metodologické problémy studia starší doby římské

Creator:
Salač, Vladimíř
Type:
article and TEXT
Subject:
doba římská, střední Evropa, historické prameny, metodologie, Marobud, Roman periodic, Central Europe, historical sources, methodology, and Maroboduus
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
Římské vojenské tažení proti Marobudovi v r. 6 po Kr. představuje nejstarší přesně datovanou historickou událost vztahující se k České kotlině. Při příležitosti dvoutisíciletého výročí této události se autor zamýšlí nad metodickými problémy bádání o starší době římské v Čechách. Na příkladech chronologie archeologických horizontů, migrace etnických jednotek, římských importů a právě římského tažení v r. 6 je v článku poukázáno na fakt, že česká archeologie tradičně upřednostňuje písemné prameny před archeologickými. Mnohé údaje, o které se badatelé opírají, však nejsou v písemných pramenech doložitelné. Často se jedná pouze o domněnky a interpretace historiků. Článek upozorňuje na metodologickou neúnosnost vytváření archeologických konstrukcí, které jsou závislé na takovýchto domněnkách. and The Roman military campaign against Maroboduus in the year 6 AD is the earliest accurately dated historical event linked to the Bohemian Basin. On the occasion of its 2000th anniversary, the author considers the methodological problems attendant upon research into the early Roman period in Bohemia. Taking examples from the chronology of archaeological horizons, the migrations of ethnic units, Roman imports and the Roman campaign of 6 AD itself, the article demonstrates the fact that Czech archaeology has traditionally prioritised written over archaeological sources. Much if the data on which researchers rely, however, cannot be proven in the written record: often, they are merely the conjectures and interpretations of historians. This article highlights the methodological unjustifiability of creating archaeological constructs that are dependent on such conjectures.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/

3. Achillea asplenifolia in Mähren, mit taxonomischen Bemerkungen

Creator:
Danihelka, Jiří
Type:
article and TEXT
Subject:
Compositae, Anthemidae, yarrows, taxonomy, nomenclature, phytogeography, Czech Republic, and Central Europe
Language:
English
Description:
Achillea asplenifolia Vent. is one of three central European diploid species (together with A. setacea Waldst. et Kit. and A. roseoalba Ehrend.) of the A. millefolium group. Its taxonomic and phytogeographic account from the central European perspective is given mainly on the basis of herbarium and field studies. The synonymy of A. asplenifolia includes A. millefolium var. crustata Rochel and A. scabra Host; both names are typified here. No variation deserving taxonomic recognition was observed. From the taxonomic point of view, A. asplenifolia is a clearly delimited species. It grows in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, and Romania. From the phytogeographic point of view, it can be classified as a Pannonian geoelement with overlaps to Transylvania and to the marginal parts of the eastern Mediterranean. Within the Czech Republic, its distribution range includes only the warmest and driest part of southern Moravia, with the northernmost site situated near the town of Vyškov. In southern Moravia, A. asplenifolia was confined to extrazonal habitats, mainly to islands of halophilous vegetation such as moist saline meadows (formerly used as pastures) and lowland fens rich in mineral nutrients, but most of the sites were destroyed. Out of six or seven localities preserved up to present, only two host vital populations.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/

4. Aspleium platyneuron, a new pteridophyte for Europe

Creator:
Ekrt, Libor and Hrivnák, Richard
Type:
article and TEXT
Subject:
alien species, Appalachian Asplenium complex, Central Europe, ferns, long distance dispersal, serpentines, and Slovakia
Language:
English
Description:
Eleven plants of Asplenium platyneuron (ebony spleenwort) were found in disturbed serpentine woodland in south-central Slovakia (Central Europe). This find represents a new addition to the fern flora of Europe. It is probably the result of long-distance spore dispersal. The nearest known sites for this species are those in eastern North America, about 6500 km away. The important determination characters of A. platyneuron are described, the Slovakian locality characterized and an overview of the ecology and a map of the worldwide distribution of this species provided.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/

6. Cyperus eragrostis - a new alien species for the Czech flora and the history of its invasion of Europe

Creator:
Petřík, Petr
Type:
article and TEXT
Subject:
Cyperus eragrostis, Cyperaceae, alien species, casual, Czech Republic, and Central Europe
Language:
English
Description:
Cyperus eragrostis Lam. was first recorded in the Czech Republic in an empty water reservoir at Jablonec nad Nisou (N Bohemia) in 1999. In this study, herbarium specimens of C. eragrostis in large herbaria in the Czech Republic were revised and the invasion of Europe by this species was reviewed. A brief description of C. eragrostis is given, distribution map of the temporal course of its invasion is presented and the species’ ecology in Europe characterized. Accompanying vegetation and results of the analyses of soil from the site are described. How the plant reached this locality remains unknown. The occurrence was only ephemeral as the only tussock was destroyed when the water reservoir was refilled.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/

7. distribution of cytotypes of Vicia cracca in Central Europe: the changes that have occurred over the last four decades

Creator:
Trávníček, Pavel, Eliášová, Anežka, and Suda, Jan
Type:
article and TEXT
Subject:
Central Europe, contact zone, cytotype distribution, flow cytometry, genome size, mixed-ploidy populations, ploidy, and Vicia
Language:
English
Description:
The formation and maintenance of polyploids (via the development of various reproductive barriers) rank among the central questions of studies on polyploid evolution. However, the long time scale of most evolutionary processes makes the study of the dynamics of diploid-polyploid groups difficult. A suitable candidate for a targeted comparative study is Vicia cracca (Fabaceae), which in the late 1960s was subjected to a detailed cytotype screening in Central Europe. Re-sampling the original localities offers a unique opportunity to assess changes in the ploidy structure of the populations, which should reflect the cumulative effect of all the evolutionary forces acting on the plants. Using flow cytometry, the DNA ploidy levels of more than 6,500 individuals of V. cracca collected at 257 localities in Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and the Slovak Republic were estimated. Three different cytotypes (2x, 3x and 4x) were detected. While tetraploids predominated in the western part of the area investigated (179 populations), the diploids had a more easterly distribution (62 populations). There is a secondary zone of cytotype contact near the boundary between the Czech and Slovak Republics. Sixteen populations (~6%) consisted of a mixture of 2x and 4x cytotypes. Triploids are very rare; only seven individuals were found in two otherwise diploid populations, indicating the existence of breeding barriers between diploids and tetraploids. The distribution of cytotypes is similar to that determined four decades ago using chromosome counts. Nevertheless, there are some discrepancies, namely the current absence of: (i) the diploid cytotype in southern Bohemia and (ii) the altitudinal segregation in the distribution of cytotypes, including two formerly recognized chromosomal races of diploids, perhaps a result of more representative sampling. Identical monoploid genome sizes (1Cx-values) of both the majority ploidy levels support an autopolyploid origin of the tetraploids.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/

8. Effect of climate warming on a change in thermal and ice conditions in the largest lake in Poland - Lake Śniardwy

Creator:
Ptak, Mariusz, Sojka, Mariusz, and Nowak, Bogumił
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
lakes, water temperature, air temperature, ice cover, climate change, and Central Europe
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Lake Śniardwy is the largest among more than 7000 Polish lakes. So far, it has not been a subject of detailed investigations concerning long-term changes in water temperature or ice regime. A considerable change in thermal and ice conditions has been observed in the period 1972–2019. Mean annual water temperature increased by 0.44°C dec–1 on average, and was higher than an increase in air temperature (0.33°C dec–1). In the monthly cycle, the most dynamic changes occurred in April (0.77°C dec–1). In the case of ice cover, it appeared increasingly later (5.3 days dec–1), and disappeared earlier (3.0 days dec–1). The thickness of ice cover also decreased (2.4 cm dec–1). Statistical analysis by means of a Pettitt test showed that the critical moment for the transformations of the thermal and ice regime was the end of the 1980’s. In addition to the obvious relations with air temperature for both characteristics, it was evidenced that the occurrence of ice cover depended on wind speed and snow cover. The recorded changes in the case of Lake Śniardwy are considered unfavourable, and their consequences will affect the course of physical, chemical, and biological processes in the largest lake in Poland.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

10. Factors determining local and seasonal variation in abundance of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Central Europe

Creator:
Honěk, Alois , Brabec, Marek , Martinková, Zdenka , Dixon, Anthony F.G., Pekár, Stano , and Skuhrovec, Jiří
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Sternorrhyncha, Aphididae, Harmonia axyridis, Eucallipterus tiliae, adult, larva, seasonal dynamics, abundance, annual variation, and Central Europe
Language:
English
Description:
To determine the causes of the variation in the seasonal dynamics of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) in Central Europe, numbers of adults and larvae of this invasive species were recorded on trees (Acer, Betula, Tilia) throughout the growing seasons from 2011 to 2016. Each year beetles were collected every two weeks, using a standardized sweeping method. The seasonal dynamics was expressed as plots of abundance (number of individuals per 100 sweeps) against time (Julian day) and these plots (seasonal profi les) were compared in terms of their size (area under the seasonal profi le curve), range, timing and height of the mode (maximum abundance). Timing and size of seasonal profi les varied among hostplants, years and sites. Abundance of larvae paralleled aphid occurrence and peak abundance of adults followed that of larvae 10 to 20 days later. Population dynamics before and after the peak were determined by dispersal. Adults arrived at sites before the start of aphid population growth and persisted there long after aphid populations collapsed. The abundance of H. axyridis decreased from 2011 to 2013 and then increased, achieving the previous levels recorded in 2015 and 2016. The variation in seasonal profi les revealed that H. axyridis, in terms of its response to environmental conditions, is a plastic species and this fl exibility is an important factor in its invasive success.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public