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1. A coccidian (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) with extracytoplasmally located stages in the kidney tubules of golden carp (Carassius auratus gibelio L.) (Cyprinidae)

Creator:
Lukeš, J.
Format:
print
Type:
model:internalpart and TEXT
Subject:
coccidia, Eimeria, fish, fusion, and host-parasite interaction
Language:
English
Description:
Numerous coccidian stages were found in the kidney tubules of the golden carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). The merogonial and gamogonial stages were localized extracytoplasmally in the microvillous region of the epithelial cells. The host-parasite interface consisted of i) a large area where the parasite was separated from the host cytoplasm by the parasitophorous vacuole membrane only, and ii) a zone of multiple fusions of the host cell membrane investing the parasite to the neighbouring microvilli. The taxonomic status of the extracytoplasmic stages is not clear, however, their possible appurtenance to Eimeria scardimi, which was frequently found in the kidneys of golden carps in the same population, is discussed.
Rights:
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2. Detection of Dermocystidium anguillae in imported elvers of American eel Anguilla rostrata in China

Creator:
Li, Dan, Nie, Pin, and Liu, Yang
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Mesomycetozoea, dermocystidiosis, Anguillidae, species identification, and diagnosis
Language:
English
Description:
In recent years, an emerging dermocystidiosis caused by Dermocystidium anguillae Spangenberg, 1975 has been found to pose a threat to the culture of American eel, Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur), as well as Chinese perch, Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky), in China. Dermocystidium anguillae was originally described from European eel, Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus), and it is thus important to identify the possible source of this pathogen. In the present study, we compared D. anguillae from European eels cultured in China with those from American eels. Molecular analysis showed that the SSU rDNA of D. anguillae infecting European eels was identical to that of D. anguillae infecting American eels, suggesting their conspecificity. To investigate the source of D. anguillae causing dermocystidiosis in American eels cultured in China, a specific PCR assay for the detection of D. anguillae was developed with high sensitivity (10-6 ng/µl of D. anguillae genomic DNA). Using the present molecular detection method, the water and sediment of culture ponds, fish feed and American eel elvers imported from America were screened for the presence of D. anguillae. No amplicons were detected from the water, sediment and fish feed samples. However, positive amplicons were found in American eel elvers, indicating that D. anguillae has been introduced from American eel elvers to China. It is suggested that American eel elvers imported from America should be examined for the presence of D. anguillae before their exportation abroad to prevent the spread of this pathogen.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

3. Food habits of the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in southeast Poland

Creator:
Mysłajek, Robert W., Stachyra, Przemysław, Figura, Michał, and Nowak, Sabina
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
predation, prey preferences, large carnivore conservation, and game management
Language:
English
Description:
We studied diet and prey preferences of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) inhabiting south-east Poland, based on kills found during GPS-GSM telemetry and opportunistic winter tracking. Among 64 lynx kills were roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (91%), red deer (Cervus elaphus) (3%) and brown hare (Lepus europaeus) (6%). From the ungulate community, lynx selected roe deer (D = 0.845) and avoided all other ungulates. We recorded one case of surplus and two cases of parallel killing. Lynx visited the same killed roe deer on average for 2.3 days, and for up to six days when surplus or parallel killing occurred. High numbers of the roe deer in south-east Poland supports the persistence of the lynx, but we urge managers to take under consideration food requirements of the lynx when planning game management.
Rights:
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4. Importance of anthropogenic winter roosts for endangered hibernating bats

Creator:
Stachyra, Przemysław, Piskorski, Michał, Tchórzewski, Mirosław, Łopuszyńska-Stachyra, Klaudia, and Mysłajek, Robert W.
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
bat hibernation, underground roosts, bat conservation, and protected areas
Language:
English
Description:
We aimed to assess the importance of anthropogenic roosts for bats hibernating in the Roztocze National Park (south-east Poland), based on data collected from 2009 to 2021. We recorded 310 bats from nine species hibernating in 27 artificial underground roosts (root cellars and basements of buildings). The most abundant and constantly recorded species were Plecotus auritus (60.2%), Barbastella barbastellus (20.6%) and Myotis nattereri (14.2%), while the remaining species can be considered of secondary importance; Plecotus austriacus (1.3%), Myotis myotis (1.9%), Myotis bechsteinii (1.3%), M. daubentonii (0.3%), Myotis mystacinus sensu lato (0.3%) and Eptesicus serotinus (1.3%). An estimate of the Shannon diversity index gave a mean H = 0.947 (SD = 0.247, range 0.377-1.352), while the Buzas and Gibson´s evenness index gave values of E = 0.695 (SD = 0.125, range 0.551-0.940). The Shannon index was positively correlated with the number of recorded bats and varied substantially among years.
Rights:
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5. Inhibition of chiorophyll synthesis by selenium: involvement of lipoxygenase mediated lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Creator:
Padmaja, K., Somasekharaiah, B.V., and Prasad, A.R.K.
Format:
print
Type:
model:internalpart and TEXT
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
Chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis intermediate compounds (like protoporphyrin-IX, Mg-protoporphyrin methyl ester and protochlorophyllide), Chl {a + h), heme, cytochrome P-450 (cyt P-450) and lipid peroxide levels as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and lipoxygenase were studied in selenium treated mung beán seedlings. Chl (a -t- b) content and heme levels were decreased with a concomitant accumulation of all the three porphyrins studied. Se treatment enhanced the lipoxygenase activity and correspondingly increased lipid peroxide levels. Se inhibited both the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase in a dose- dependent manner. However, cyt P-450 levels were enhanced under Se exposure. Hence the inhibitory effect of Se on Chl synthesis is not only by acting on constituent biosynthetic enzymes but also through lipoxygenase-mediated lipid peroxide levels and inhibition of antioxidant defence component systém.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

6. Latent toxoplasmosis and vitamin D concentration in humans: three observational studies

Creator:
Kaňková, Šárka, Bičíková, Marie, Máčová, Ludmila, Hlaváčová, Jana, Sýkorová, Kateřina, Jandová, Dobroslava, and Flegr, Jaroslav
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Toxoplasma gondii, calcidiol, depression, mental disorders, and schizophrenia
Language:
English
Description:
Numerous recent studies show that vitamin D deficiency potentiates various chronic physical and psychiatric disorders and diseases. It has been shown that a similar range of disorders is also associated with latent infection with Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908). For instance, among cancer, diabetes and schizophrenia patients, we find a higher prevalence of both toxoplasmosis and vitamin D deficiency. Theoretically, therefore, vitamin D deficiency could be the missing link between toxoplasmosis and these disorders. We tested this hypothesis by searching for decreased vitamin D levels in the serum of subjects infected with T. gondii (furthermore called Toxoplasma-infected subjects) in two cross-sectional and one case-control study. Results of the first cross-sectional study (N = 72) suggest that Toxoplasma-infected neurasthenic patients have non-significantly lower levels of calcidiol than Toxoplasma-free patients (study A: P = 0.26 in women, P = 0.68 in men). However, two other studies (study B: N = 400; study C: N = 191) showed a non-significantly higher concentration of vitamin D in Toxoplasma-infected subjects than in Toxoplasma-free subjects both in men (study B: P = 0.70, study C: P = 0.55) and in women (study B: P = 0.64, study C: P = 0.12). Taken together, our preliminary results thus do not support the hypothesis that toxoplasmosis could be associated with vitamin D decrease.
Rights:
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7. Methodology for intravital mitotic chromosome preparation from regenerated tissue derived from the tail tips of tadpoles

Creator:
Pustovalova, Eleonora, Fedorova, Anna, and Shabanov, Dmytro
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
karyoanalysis, Pelophylax, polyploidy, and regeneration
Language:
English
Description:
We propose a modified and updated protocol to obtain mitotic chromosomes from the regenerated tissue of Pelophylax tadpole tail tips. Chromosomal preparations from regenerated tissue results in high-quality and clean slides suitable for further staining and study. Tadpoles remain alive, undergo minimum suffering, and can be grown to adulthood for further investigation. The method could be used for other groups of Anura and modified for other species with the ability to regenerate their tissues.
Rights:
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8. Native species Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) found in the invasive marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Australia

Creator:
Ni, Xue-Feng, Barton, Diane P., Chen, Hui-Xia, and Li, Liang
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
parasite, nematode, Ascaridomorpha, Amphibia, Australian region, morphology, and taxonomy
Language:
English
Description:
The genus Maxvachonia Chabaud et Brygoo, 1960 (Ascaridomorpha: Cosmocercidae) is a poorly known group of parasitic nematodes. Species of Maxvachonia are native to Madagascar-Australo-Papuan Region, where they are known to parasitise frogs, snakes and skinks. Unfortunately, most of Maxvachonia species have been inadequately described. In the present study, we report the native species Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 from the intestine of the invasive marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) in Australia for the first time. We speculate that the marine toads infected with M. chabaudi are likely related to their eating skinks or the similarity in diet/habitat/ecology between the toad and the skinks. The detailed morphology of M. chabaudi was studied using light microscopy and, for the first time, scanning electron microscopy, based on the newly collected specimens. Some characters important for the specific diagnosis of M. chabaudi are reported for the first time, including each lip with distinct inner flanges, the location of vulva varying from anterior to posterior of the oesophageal bulb and the presence of single medio-ventral precloacal papilla. An identification key to the species of Maxvachonia is provided.
Rights:
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9. Prevalence and molecular subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in rabbits in Henan, Central China

Creator:
Su, Changwei, Mei, Xuefang, Feng, Xia, Zhang, Fuqiang, Wang, Pei, He, Bo, Xu, Fuyang, Yang, Zishan, Tian, Xiaowei, Zhang, Zhenchao, Li, Xiangrui, and Wang, Shuai
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Blastocystis sp., SSU rRNA, epidemiological characteristics, gene subtype, and rabbits
Language:
English
Description:
Species of Blastocystis Alexieff, 1911 are anaerobic intestinal protists found in humans and many kinds of animals that mainly cause diarrhea, abdominal pain and other clinical symptoms. At present, data on the prevalence and subtype diversity of species of Blastocystis in domestic rabbits are very limited. The purpose of this study was to characterise the infection rate and gene subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. in domestic rabbits in Henan Province, Central China, and provide foundation for prevention and control of the disease caused by Blastocystis sp. in domestic rabbits. DNA was extracted from 286 fresh rabbit faecal samples collected from four areas of Henan Province, Central China. All DNA samples were screened using PCR and positive samples were sequenced to identify individual subtypes based on the small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall infection rate of Blastocystis sp. in domestic rabbits in Henan Province was 15% (43/286). Three subtypes were identified, including ST1 (26/43, 60%), ST3 (5/43, 12%) and ST7 (12/43, 28%), all of which belonged to potentially zoonotic subtypes, ST1 was the dominant gene subtype. These results showed that infection with Blastocystis sp. was common in domestic rabbits in Henan Province, Central China, and was represented by zoonotic subtypes. Therefore, special attention should be paid to reduce the risk of transmission of Blastocystis sp. from domestic rabbits to humans.
Rights:
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10. Procesuálni gramatika v kontextu současných tendencí lingvistického myšlení

Creator:
Kořenský, Jan
Format:
print
Type:
model:internalpart and TEXT
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
In spite of the complicated plurality of the present ways of thinking about speech and the prerequisites of speech, it is possible to say that the various ways of thinking could be placed somewhere between the end points the „absolute“ formalism and the „consistent“ functionalism with the distinct transitional zone in between. One can assume that the development tends from the formalism to the functionalism and this means the way of rising of the explanatory power of the theories. In order to make the process successful it is necessary to look for such formal means that are able to rationally express the knowledge of consistent functionalistic theories. If it were not for this fact, the way from the „absolute“ formalism to the „consistent“ functionalism would be the unwished way from the rationalism to non-rationalistic speculations, far away from the bounds of science. If we insisted on the petrification of the so far existed formalisms, in the name of the aimed grade of formalisation, it would mean to persist on the knowledge of speech on interest of the brilliant formal language exercises.
Rights:
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