In this paper I concentrate on evaluating Searle’s concept of external realism as a non-epistemic thesis . Above all, I evaluate the role it plays in our system of beliefs, knowledge and communicative obligations. There are two important questions: (1) whether a return of transcendental philosophy creates a positive alternative to philosophical naturalism (Quine); (2) whether for the same purpose Fraassens’ constructive empiricism suffices., V tomto příspěvku se zaměřuji na hodnocení Searleho konceptu externího realismu jako neepistemické práce. Především hodnotím roli, kterou hraje v našem systému víry, znalostí a komunikačních povinností. Existují dvě důležité otázky: (1) zda návrat transcendentální filosofie vytváří pozitivní alternativu k filosofickému naturalismu (Quine); (2) zda pro stejný účel postačuje Fraassensův konstruktivní empirismus., and Lukáš Zámečník
Grillotia epinepheli sp.n. is described on the basis of plerocerci found in the body cavity and peritoneum of the teleost, Epinephelus guaza (L.) (Perciformes: Serranidae) caught off Sardinia, Italy. The species is distinguished from congeners by its tentacular armament, particularly in the basal armature. The metabasal region is armed with rows of 8-9 principal hooks beginning on the internal face; hooks 9 (9’), if present, much smaller than hooks 8 (8’) and similar to minute hooks on the external face. There are three intercalary rows consisting of 3, 2 and 4 hooks each. The external face is armed with a longitudinal band of minute hooks arranged in about 4 files. Basal armature well developed and composed of 7-8 rows of falciform and spiniform hooks.
Malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1,1,37.) (MDH) was purified to apparent homogeneity from the cytosolic fraction of the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis Donné. The four step purification included ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephacel and Q-Sepharose, elution with NaCl) and affinity chromatography (Reactive Red Agarose, elution with NADH and NaCl). The enzyme was purified about 132-fold (30.6% yield) to a specific activity of 352 units mg~'. The Km values determined at pH 7.8 (pH optimum from 7.5 to 8.3) for oxaloacetate and NADH were 16.2 pM and 10.6 μΜ, respectively. The MDH activity was inhibited by the substrate, decreasing to 50% at about 1 mM concentration of oxaloacetate. The reverse reaction from malate to oxaloacetate showed a pH optimum around pH 9.5. The Km for malate and NAD* (determined at pH 7.8) were 1220 pM and 69.9 pM, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified MDH revealed a single band with an apparent size of 34.5 kDa. The native molecular weight was estimated by HPLC gel filtration to be 60 kDa, which indicates that the T. vaginalis MDH exists as a dimer.
Stages of the life cycle of Ascocotyle (Phagicola) angeloi Travassos, 1928 were experimentally obtained, from cercariae from naturally infected Littoridina castellanosae (Gaillard) collected in artificial ponds in the Zoological Garden of Buenos Aires. Metacercariac were found encysted mainly in muscles and ovary, but also in other parts of the body of naturally and experimentally infected fish Jenynsia lineata (Jenyns) (Atheriniformes: Jenynsidae). Adults were obtained experimentally from chicks and mice. Ascocotyle (Phagicola) angeloi, rcdescribed in the present paper, is distinguished from other species of the subgenus by the two rows of oral spines, each with 14 spines. The characteristics of the studied cercaria corresponds to those of the subgenus Phagicola.
The article deals with causes of lower involvement of women in political functions in the Czech Republic. The author identifies three sets of significant factors: institutional, socioeconomic and political cultural. Her approach is based on the model proposed by Pippa Norris to explain ratio of women in political functions in western European states, which involves both institutional and social factors that influence women's political participation. Thus, the author focuses on institutional rules that constitute barriers of entry of women in political functions. Furthermore, she studies an influence of ways of functioning of political parties that affect the level of gender equality in political representation. Finally, she examines attitudes of Czech public and particularly Czech women to women's political participation as well as reflexion of the lower political representation of women in the public discourse.
Human material of an African specimen of Bertiella studeri (Blanchard, 1891 ), a typical intestinal ceslode of monkeys, is described. Mature, postmaturc and gravid proglottides, and eggs, previously inadequately figured, are illustrated and photographed. The description of the species agrees with that provided by Stunkard (1940). A comparative study with other descriptions of the species is made in an attempt to clarify previous findings. The morphological differences reported in various earlier descriptions of the species suggest that B. studeri should be regarded as a “B. studeri species complex”. Improvements are required in the descriptions of new future findings in order to clarify the specific diagnosis of human bertiellosis. Evidence suggests that a generalised diagnosis exclusively based on egg size and geographical distribution is insufficient to differentiate B. studeri and Bertiella mucronata (Meyner, 1895), or additional species may be affecting humans.