We investigate the category $\text{mod}\Lambda $ of finite length modules over the ring $\Lambda =A\otimes _k\Sigma $, where $\Sigma $ is a V-ring, i.e. a ring for which every simple module is injective, $k$ a subfield of its centre and $A$ an elementary $k$-algebra. Each simple module $E_j$ gives rise to a quasiprogenerator $P_j=A\otimes E_j$. By a result of K. Fuller, $P_j$ induces a category equivalence from which we deduce that $\text{mod}\Lambda \simeq \coprod _jbad hbox P_j$. As a consequence we can (1) construct for each elementary $k$-algebra $A$ over a finite field $k$ a nonartinian noetherian ring $\Lambda $ such that $\text{mod}A\simeq \text{mod}\Lambda $, (2) find twisted versions $\Lambda $ of algebras of wild representation type such that $\Lambda $ itself is of finite or tame representation type (in mod), (3) describe for certain rings $\Lambda $ the minimal almost split morphisms in $\text{mod} \Lambda $ and observe that almost all of these maps are not almost split in $\text{Mod}\Lambda $.
Photosynthetic induction responses to a sudden increase in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) from lower background PPFD (0, 25, 50, and 100 μmol m-2 s-1) to 1 000 μmol m-2 s-1 were measured in leaves of Fagus crenata, Acer rufinerve Siebold & Zucc., and Viburnum furcatum growing in a gap and understory of a F. crenata forest in the Naeba mountains. In the gap, A. rufinerve exhibited more than 1.2-fold higher maximum net photosynthetic rate (PNmax) than F. crenata and V. furcatum. Meanwhile, in the understory F. crenata exhibited the highest PNmax among the three species. The photosynthetic induction period required to reach PNmax was 3-41 min. The photosynthetic responses to increase in PPFD depended on the background PPFD before increase in PPFD. The induction period required to reach PNmax was 2.5-6.5-fold longer when PPFD increased from darkness than when PPFD increased from 100 μmol m-2 s-1. The induction period was correlated with initial PN and stomatal conductance (gs) relative to maximum values before increase in PPFD. The relationship was similar between the gap and the understory. As the background PPFD increased, the initial PN and gs increased, indicating that the degrees of biochemical and stomata limitations to dynamic photosynthetic performance decreased. Therefore, photosynthetic induction responses to increase in PPFD became faster with the increasing background PPFD. The differences in time required to reach induction between species, as well as between gap and understory, were mainly due to the varying of relative initial induction states in PN and gs at the same background PPFD. and M. Naramoto, Q. Han, Y. Kakubari.