From mature needles of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss we isolated thylakoids capable of high rates of oxygen evolution. Oxygen-evolving activity of spruce thylakoids was labile in the absence of osmoticum and declined by 40 % during 1 h on ice, compared to a 9 % dechne observed in spinách thylakoids. We compared the relative activity in spruce and spinách of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) and the reaction centre in Triton X-100 fractionated membranes prepared and stored for 20 or 240 h at 0 or -80 °C in media with different combinations of sucrose (0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 M) and two pH values (6.0 and 7.6). In membranes detergent- fractionated and stored at pH 7.6, photosystem 2 (PS2) activity (H2O -> DCIP) was sensitive to sucrose concentration of the medium. Spruce and spinách membranes prepared and stored in 0.3 M sucrose and pH 7.6, showed 22 and 48 % activity of their respective control membranes, freshly prepared in 1 M sucrose at pH 6.0. In contrast, in membranes prepared and stored at pH 6.0, PS2 activity was less sensitive to sucrose concentration: spruce and spinách membranes in 0.3 M sucrose showed 73 and 88 % (respectively) of the activity of membranes freshly prepared in 1 M sucrose. In both species, the degree of stimulation of DCIP photoreduction by diphenylcarbazide suggested minimal damage to the reaction centre (RC) except during preparation in 0.3 M sucrose, pH 7.6. Since the spruce RCs were not more labile than those of spinách, the extra sensitivity of spruce thylakoids in media of low sucrose concentration was likely due to extra lability of the OEC.
We establish that the inequality of Radon is a particular case of Jensen's inequality. Starting from several refinements and counterparts of Jensen's inequality by Dragomir and Ionescu, we obtain a counterpart of Radon's inequality. In this way, using a result of Simić we find another counterpart of Radon's inequality. We obtain several applications using Mortici's inequality to improve Hölder's inequality and Liapunov's inequality. To determine the best bounds for some inequalities, we used Matlab program for different cases.
We investigated the sorption-desorption behaviour of acid herbicide MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid) in five soils (denoted as A1-5), three bottom sediments (S1-3) and in two river sediments (L1-2) at two initial concentrations in aqueous solution - C0 = 0.5 and 10 mg L-1. Sorption and desorption of MCPA was measured by a batch equilibrium technique using analytical pure MCPA. There was no significant influence of the initial concentration of MCPA on its equilibrium distribution between soil/sediment and aqueous solution. The difference between distribution coefficient KD at C0 = 0.5 mg L-1 and KD at C0 = 10 mg L-1 was found only in the case of one bottom sediment (S2). Simple regression analysis between KD at C0 = 0.5 and 10 mg L-1 and soil/sediment properties indicated that the most important property which determined the variation in MCPA sorption is organic carbon (r = 0.885** and r = 0.921***, respectively). Similarly, the desorption of MCPA was inversely proportional to organic carbon content of the soils and sediments used (r = -0.821* and r = -0.888**). These observations showed that sorption-desorption behaviour of MCPA in soils and sediments was primarily controlled by organic components of the geosorbents used. Overall, the sorption extent of MCPA in soils and sediments was low (Psorp ≈ 5 - 53 %; KD = 0.131 - 2.827 L kg-1) and desorption extent was relatively high (Pdes ≈ 11 - 52 %), especially in soils and sediments with the lower organic carbon content. The experimental results and calculated values of groundwater ubiquity score GUS and relative leaching potential index RLPI imply that MCPA is very mobile in all soils and has high potential to contaminate groundwater. and Laboratórnymi metódami sme skúmali sorpčno-desorpčné správanie herbicídu MCPA (kyselina 4-chlór2-metyl fenoxyoctová) s kyslým charakterom (pKa = 3,07) v 5 vzorkách pôd (A1-5), v 3 vzorkách dnových sedimentov (S1-3) a v 2 vzorkách riečnych sedimentov (L1-2) pri dvoch koncentráciách vo vodnom roztoku - 0,5 a 10 mg l-1. Počiatočná koncentrácia MCPA vo vodnom roztoku nemala vplyv na jeho rozdelenie medzi pôdu/sediment a vodný roztok, iba v prípade 1 vzorky dnového sedimentu (S2) bol zistený rozdiel v rozdeľovacích koeficientoch KD. Sorbované množstvo MCPA v sledovaných pôdach a sedimentoch priamo úmerne záviselo od celkového obsahu organického uhlíka. Podobne, vodou desorbované (extrahované) množstvo MCPA z pôd a sedimentov vyjadrené v % (Pdes) nepriamo úmerne záviselo od celkového obsahu organického uhlíka. Tieto pozorovania dokumentujú, že sorpčno-desorpčné správanie MCPA v pôdach a sedimentoch je primárne kontrolované organickými zložkami sledovaných geosorbentov. Celkovo bol sorbovaný podiel MCPA v pôdach a sedimentoch nízky (Psorp ≈ 5-53 %; KD = 0,131-2,827 l kg-1) a desorbované množstvo relatívne vysoké (Pdes ≈ 11-52 %), zvlášť v pôdach a sedimentoch s nižším obsahom organického uhlíka. Experimentálne výsledky a vypočítané hodnoty GUS (Groundwater Ubiquity Score) a RLPI (Relative Leaching Potential Index) poukazujú na výraznú pohyblivosť MCPA v pôdach a vysokú tendenciu MCPA preniknúť do podzemných vôd.