Currently there exists a large number of different methods for surface characterization. Each method has its specific positives and negatives. This article offers a view at reference surface imperfections of optical surfaces using different observation techniques: scanning confocal microscopy, white light interferometry (WLI) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Purpose of this is as complex as possible view to morphology and topography of defects in three-dimensional scale and comparison with their optical properties. and V současné době existuje velké množství různých metod pro charakterizaci povrchů. Každá metoda má své klady i zápory. Tento článek nabízí pohled na referenční povrchové vady optických ploch pomocí různých pozorovacích technik, a to skenovací konfokální mikroskopie, interferometrie v bílém světle a mikroskopie atomárních sil. Účelem je co nejkomplexnější pohled na morfologii defektů v trojrozměrném měřítku a porovnání s jejich optickými vlastnostmi.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic restraint stress (CRS) on the protein levels of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), noradrenaline transporter (NET), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well as the concentration of noradrenaline (NA) in the rat hippocampus. The investigated parameters were quantified by Western blot analyses and ELISA kits. We found that CRS increased the protein levels of DBH by 30 %, VMAT2 by 11 %, BDNF by 11 % and the concentration of NA by 104 %, but decreased the protein levels of NET by 16 % in the hippocampus of chronically stressed rats. The molecular mechanisms by which CRS increased the hippocampal NA level are an important adaptive phenomenon of the noradrenergic system in the stress condition.
The 'Debrecen Photoheliographlc Results’ beginnlng with the year 1977 gives various kinds of posltion and area data of sunspots dally for a single moment, includlng all spot groups vlsible at least
on two days.In addition, thls catalogue also indicates tlie magnetlc spot polarities and for each sunspot, wherever reasonable, a special number as a mark of Identification. By these means special features of the spot activity of 1977 have been studied. So, diverse spot distributions and the principal spot motions within the groups, as well as the local solar rotatlon in several regions of spot groups by means of tracers of spot positions have been determlned. The most important characteristlcs found are presented.
Changes in various parameters of room temperature chlorophyll fluorescence were found during cold acciimation at 2.5 of Brassica napiis L, var. oleifera plants. At the beginning of cold stress the non-radiative energy dissipation was enhanced, and afterwards, the photochemistry was affected. After prolonged cold acciimation the fiill recovery of photochemical activity was observed when the plants had been transferred to higher temperature (20/15 oC) for several days.