V období vrcholného stalinismu (1948–1953) došlo k výrazné eskalaci protižidovských projevů sovětského režimu, často označované za „státní“ nebo také „oficiální“ či „stalinský“ antisemitismus. Předkládaná studie se pokouší tento vývoj postihnout prostřednictvím analýzy obrazu „Žida“ v dobové propagandě. Základní rámec pro tuto analýzu tvoří koncept „obrazu nepřítele“ jako jedné ze základních figur totalitárního ideologického kánonu, přičemž studie sleduje, jakým způsobem byl tento obraz naplňován významy spjatými s pojmem „Žid“. Za metodologický nástroj pro tuto analýzu autorka zvolila sémiotickou textovou analýzu, umožňující rozkrývat znakový charakter jazyka propagandy. Jejím předmětem pak jsou dvě propagandistické kampaně, které ve sledovaném období ovládly sovětský veřejný prostor. Jedná se o kampaň proti takzvanému kosmopolitismu z ledna až března 1949 a o takzvaný případ lékařů z ledna až března 1953. Zvolená metoda umožnila doložit protižidovské zaměření obou kampaní, které bylo dosud vyvozováno především z kvantitativních soupisů represivních zásahů proti konkrétním osobám židovského původu. Analýza významového pole obrazu „Žida“ pak odhaluje mechanismy, kterými byl díky mnohovrstevnatosti svého znakového charakteru využíván k odůvodnění vnitřní i vnější politiky sovětského režimu stejně jako k ospravedlnění jeho domácích i zahraničních problémů. V poslední části studie jsou pak vyvozené závěry aplikovány na dobový československý kontext., When Stalinism was at its peak, between 1948 and 1953, there was a marked escalation in anti-Jewish manifestations by the Soviet régime, which has often been called ‘state’, ‘official’, or ‘Stalinist’ antisemitism. This article endeavours to provide an account of this by analysing the image of the ‘Jew’ in the propaganda of the time. The basis for the analysis is the concept of the ‘image of the enemy’ as a basic figure of the totalitarian ideological canon. The article traces the way in which the image was filled with meanings linked with the term ‘Jew’. To this end, the author employs semiotic textual analysis, which enables her gradually to uncover the character of the signs in the propagandistic language. She focuses on two propaganda campaigns that dominated the Soviet public space in this period. One was against so-called ‘cosmopolitanism’, from January to March 1949; the other was the so-called ‘Doctor’s Plot’ from January to March 1953. This method enables her to provide evidence of the anti-Jewish orientation of the campaigns, which have so far been deduced chiefly from quantitative lists of acts of repression against specific individuals of Jewish descent. Analysis of the semantic field of the image of the ‘Jew’ then reveals the mechanisms that, because of the many layers of the sign character of this image, were used to provide reasons for the home and foreign policies of the Soviet régime, as well as to justify its problems at home and abroad. The last part of the article consists in conclusions that the author finds applicable to Czechoslovakia at that time., Kateřina Šimová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
When Stalinism was at its peak, between 1948 and 1953, there was a marked escalation in anti-Jewish manifestations by the Soviet regime, which has often been called “state,'' ''offi cial,'' or ''Stalinist'' antisemitism. This article endeavours to provide an account of this by analysing the image of the ''Jew'' in the propaganda of the time. The basis for the analysis is the concept of the ''image of the enemy'' as a basic fi gure of the totalitarian ideological canon. The article traces the way in which the image was fi lled with meanings linked with the term ''Jew.'' To this end, the author employs the so-called semiotic textual analysis, which enables her to gradually uncover the character of the signs in the propagandistic language. She focuses on two propaganda campaigns that dominated the Soviet public space in this period. One was against so-called ''cosmopolitanism,'' from January to March 1949; the other was the so-called ''Doctor’s Plot'' from January to March 1953. The method in concern enables her to provide evidence of the anti-Jewish orientation of the campaigns, which have so far been deduced chiefl y from quantitative lists of acts of repression against specifi c individuals of Jewish descent. Analysis of the semantic fi eld of the image of the ''Jew'' then reveals the mechanisms that, because of the many layers of the sign character of this image, were used to provide reasons for the home and foreign policies of the Soviet regime, as well as to justify its problems at home and abroad. The last part of the article consists of conclusions that the author fi nds applicable to the Czechoslovak case at that time.