The aim of this paper is to examine whether current and/or Pleistocene geography affect the species richness and composition of Tuscan archipelago butterflies. This archipelago is located between Tuscany (Italy) and Corsica (France). Faunistic data was obtained from the literature and surveys. Our data revealed that contemporary geography is the most important factor determining the species richness and faunal composition of Tuscan archipelago butterflies. Indeed, current area and isolation of the islands are the only predictors significantly correlated with species richness. Paleogeographic features of the archipelago are not significantly correlated with species richness. Multidimensional scaling revealed patterns similar to those reported for other living groups. Specifically, Capraia and Montecristo group together with Corsica, while Elba, Giglio, Pianosa, Gorgona, Giannutri and the fossil island of Monte Argentario group with the Tuscan mainland. Recent geography seems to affect the faunal composition. Indeed Mantel test indicates that the similarity in the faunal composition of the Tuscan Archipelago islands is mainly related to present-day island characteristics and their relative distance from Tuscany and Corsica. Our results are similar to those recently obtained for Aegean archipelago butterflies.