The morphology of the scoleces of 11 Proteocephalus species, parasites of freshwater fish in the Palaearctic Region, was compared using light and scanning electron microscopy. The following taxa were evaluated: Proteocephalus ambiguus (Dujardin, 1845); P. cernuae (Gmelin, 1790); P. exiguus La Rue, 1911; P. filicollis (Rudolphi, 1802); P. macrocephalus (Creplin, 1825); P. osculatus (Goeze, 1782); P. percae (Müller, 1780); P. pollunicola Gresson, 1952; P. sagitlus (Grimm, 1872); P. thymalli (Annenkova-Chlopina, 1923); and P. torulosus (Batsch, 1786). Some features as overall shape of the scolex, its size, shape and size of an apical sucker were found to be fairly stable and species-specific. The taxa more easily distinguishable from congeners on the basis of their scolex morphology were P. cernuae, P. macrocephalus, P. osculatus, P. percae and P. torulosus. The taxonomic importance of the scolex is discussed.