The first experimental model of atherosclerosis (in rabbits) is more than hundred years old. Several animal species have bee n used to produce hyperlipoproteine mia and possible atherosclerosis. The gene manipulation produced the most used models recently. This review acknowledges the extensive study of atherosclerotic changes in experimental models of hyperlipoprotein emia and at herosclerosis to come to light thus far and the purpose here is not only to summariz e the published data but also to try to add some details of our experience in using these models. In addition to rabbit (the old but also improved model by reno-vascular hy pertension) dog, birds, pig, hamster, mice, rat and non-human primate’s animal models are described. The gene manipulation produced the most used models two decades ago. Germline genetically engineered (without apoE or LDL receptor genes) animals have beco me the most used models producing atherosclerotic changes in the aorta. Recent new models also producing atherosclerotic changes but without germline genetic manipulation are also described., R. Poledne, L. Jurčíková-Novotná., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Inflammatory changes, both in the arterial wall and adipose tissue, play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis. We measured the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in adipose tissue (AT) of living kidney donors (LKD) and patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and flow cytometry analyses were performed in subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT), and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Data of PAD patients showed significantly higher expression in VAT in all three genes (TNFα 5-fold, p<0.05; MCP-1 3.6-fold, p<0.05; IL-6 18.8-fold, p<0.001). The differences in PVAT and SAT were less significant. Total body pro-inflammatory status was documented by higher TNFα concentration in patients (4.86± 1.4 pg/ml) compared to LKDs (2.14±0.9 pg/ml; p<0.001), as was hsCRP (11.8±7.0 in PAD; 1.5±0.48 in LKDs; p=0.017). We found no age-dependent relationship between gene expression vs. TNFα and hsCRP concentrations in both compared groups. No effect of the atherosclerosis score on gene expression and circulating inflammatory markers within the PAD group was observed. Our results suggest that the AT of PAD patients infiltrated with macrophages produces more cytokines involved in the development of inflammation and atherosclerosis., S. Čejková, I. Králová Lesná, J. Froněk, L. Janoušek, A. Králová, J. Ždychová, R. Poledne., and Obsahuje bibliografii