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Start Over Creator Tinková, Daniela Subject osvícenství

2. Mechanismus vášní v "économie animale": k otázce vášní duše v osvícenské medicíně

Creator:
Tinková, Daniela
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
láska, melancholie, osvícenství, fyziologie, psychiatrie, love, melancholy, enlightenment, physiology, psychiatry, vášně duše, passions of soul, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The aim of this study is to show how the emotions - in particular the so-called "passions of the soul" - were understood and interpreted in the medical thinking of the late Enlightenment. We focus chiefly on three innovations in 18th century medicine: the "discovery" of the neuro-cerebral system (the ’birth’ of neurology); the search for the "seat" of illnesses in particular organs (the "birth" of pathological anatomy); and the gradual separation of the body and the soul as objects of medical enquiry (the "birth of psychiatry). We consider whether, and to what extent, these innovations contributed to the breakdown of the "old" diagnostic paradigms of the "passions of the soul", or whether in fact they helped to maintain them. We also discuss to what extent the consideration of these passions fostered a new approach to the relationship between the body and the soul in Enlightenment medicine. Some of the phenomena studied are illustrated by specific examples of (erotic) love and melancholy. and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

3. Názory venkovského faráře aneb "Velká evropská revoluce ještě není završena": „Correspondance littéraire“ Jana Ferdinanda Opize s Karlem Killarem

Creator:
Tinková, Daniela
Format:
print, text, regular print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Killar, Karel, Opiz, Jan Ferdinand, 1741-1812, osvícenství, francouzská revoluce (1789-1794 : Francie), enlightenment, French revolution (1789-1794 : France), 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The study is based on an analysis of content and themes of the correspondence of the well­known Enlightenment Era "provincial intellectual", a bank clerk from Čáslav Jan Ferdinand Opiz (1741-1812), with a country priest from the highlands on the border of Bohemia and Moravia, Karel Killar (1745-1806). Their correspondence - in most part hitherto unstudied - is deposited in the National Museum in Prague. It consists of more than 300 letters, written over a long period of 16 years (1793-1806), and it is fascinating for several reasons: it is conducted in French, which represents one of the very rare testimonies of a good knowledge of French in some members of other classes than the nobility in the 18th and 19th centuries; in this case, the use of French can be read as an implicit adherence to (French) Enlightenment, and perhaps even to the principles of the French Revolution. And it is the Enlightenment, the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars around which the entire correspondence revolves. Thanks to this we may not only form a deeper and more nuanced insight into Opitz, a well­known sympathizer of the French Revolution, but also into the lesser known figure of Killar, a man of universal education and an Enlightenment era priest of Josephine stamp, who tried to integrate both the Enlightenment and the French Revolution within his firm Christian (Catholic) worldview., Daniela Tinková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

4. Osvícenství jako proces "vernakularizace vědění"

Creator:
Tinková, Daniela
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Czech Lands, 18th century, Enlightenment, National Revival, vernacularization, české země, 18. století, osvícenství, národní obrození, and vernakularizace
Language:
Czech
Description:
This study, in the form of an essay or first draft of opening remarks delivered at an international conference on Culture in the Age of Enlightenment, presents one of many possible models for the conceptualization of the Enlightenment in the Czech Lands. Here Enlightenment is conceived as a process whereby ‘knowledge’ (information) is disseminated and gradually democratized and information networks are expanded. This conception draws primarily on theories of vernacularization and cultural transfer. In view of the directional dynamic, we have focussed mainly on ‘unidirectional’ flow in the sense of dispersal from (informational/cultural) centres to the (informational/cultural) periphery – both socioeconomically (transfer to lower social classes) and geographically (transfer to rural areas remote from major urban and educational centres). In this model, the process of vernacularization and democratization of knowledge was divided into three periods: the early formation of educated elites; the ‘acculturation’ of the middle classes; and the extension of information networks to the petty intelligentsia – and through them to the wider rural population. This last phase, carried out as part of a ‘programme’ of popular enlightenment around the turn of the 19th century, more or less coincided, in the theory Miroslav Hroch, with the first and second phases of the Czech National Revival and relied on the same media (Czech-language newspapers, ‘popular’ literature) and authors (Kramerius, Tomsa, Rulík, et al.)
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

5. Osvícenství, obrození, vernakularizace či "kulturní obnova"? Dodatečné poznámky ke konceptu osvícenství jako "demokratizace vědění" a ke vztahu osvícenství a obrození

Creator:
Tinková, Daniela
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Czech Lands, 18th century, Enlightenment, national revival, popular enlightenment (Volksaufklärung), české země, 18. století, osvícenství, národní obrození, and Volksaufklärung
Language:
Czech
Description:
This study is a response to the preceding discussion on the original essay on the concept of enlightenment. It examines the relationship between enlightenment, national revival and Romanticism, issues of popular enlightenment, and the role of the Catholic clergy in the Enlightenment, with further remarks on the phases and specific features of the Czech Enlightenment.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

6. The labours of the Prague obstetrician Johann Melitsch (1763-1837): contribution to the topic of the professionalising of obstetrics in the 18th century

Creator:
Tinková, Daniela and Štefanová, Barbora
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
18th-century obstetrics, Caesarean section, maternity hospital, Prague, Johann Melitsch (1763-1837), social care, Enlightenment, porodnictví 18. století, císařský řez, porodnice, Praha, sociální a chudinská péče, and osvícenství
Language:
Czech
Description:
a1_This study aims to present the physician Johann Melitsch (1763–1837) as a courageous reformer who presented a specific alternative to the étatist model of healthcare reforms implemented by the Habsburg monarchy in the 18th century. As obstetrics was the focus of Melitsch’s reform activities, the paper also contributes to the broader issue of the professionalisation of obstetrics at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. In the 1780s, Joseph II decided to use the assets of the secularised monasteries and hospitals to form a state complex of various health and social care facilities in the capitals of the Habsburg “provinces”. Where conditions and proximity to the university allowed, the first real “clinics”, i.e. hospitals linked to the teaching of medicine (and therefore science), were established: this was the case, for example, in Vienna and Prague. General hospitals formed the core of these complexes; maternity hospitals were also built, primarily for unmarried mothers, to prevent infanticide, but also as a source of female bodies for young medical students, who otherwise generally did not have the opportunity to learn about pregnancy and childbirth. At the same time, a young doctor who had just finished medical school in Prague, the twenty-fouryear- old Johann Melitsch, the son of a cabinet-maker, decided to undertake another project: a Privatentbindungsanstalt, ie. private outpatient maternity clinic. It was designed for married but poor women and also offered the opportunity of midwifery practice to medical students. Thanks to a family inheritance and his wife’s dowry, he was indeed able to found such an institution. And with donations from wealthy patrons from the nobility, he was able to provide small financial rewards or medicines to his patients. His assistants were students. and a2_Melitsch later extended his outpatient care, which was also improved by the “district doctors”, to sick women and children in general and thus offered a counterpart to the “stationary” type of state general hospital. In 1793, he was finally appointed professor at the Prague Faculty of Medicine – but only after the intervention of Emperor Francis I himself, who also granted this institution a “public right”. In 1795 Melitsch drew up a proposal – also probably the first in the Habsburg monarchy – for health insurance for low-income segments of the population. However, this system was never put into practice. In this predominantly Catholic monarchy, where hospitals had hitherto operated mainly on a church or municipal basis and where there was a clear tendency in Melitsch’s time to create a purely state-run health service, this was an exceptional case. The paper is also a contribution to the broader issue of the professionalisation of midwifery at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. Besides that, Melitsch is considered to be the first doctor in the Czech lands to perform a successful caesarean section in which both mother and child survived.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public