The aim of the present study was to introduce methods for exome sequencing of two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCC8 and ABCD2 recently suggested to play a putative role in breast cancer progression and prognosis of patients. We performed next generation sequencing targeted at analysis of all exons in ABCC8 and ABCD2 genes and surrounding noncoding sequences in blood DNA samples from 24 patients with breast cancer. The revealed alterations were characterized by in silico tools. We then compared the most frequent functionally relevant polymorphism rs757110 in ABCC8 with clinical data of patients. In total, the study identified 113 genetic alterations (>70 % novel ones) in both genes. Of these alterations, 83 were noncoding, 13 synonymous, 10 frameshifts and 7 were missense alterations. Four in silico programs predicted pathogenicity of two polymorphisms and four newly identified alterations. Rs757110 polymorphism in ABCC8 did not significantly associate with clinical data of the patients. In conclusion, exome sequencing identified several functionally relevant alterations in ABCC8 and ABCD2 genes that may further be used for a larger follow-up study aiming to assess their clinical significance., P. Soucek, V. Hlavac, K. Elsnerova, R. Vaclavikova, R. Kozevnikovova, K. Raus., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The aim of the paper is to present and analyse the current state of perpetrator programmes in Eastern European and Baltic countries as this issue has barely been raised in the literature. It is connected to the fact that in described region such programmes are still relatively new phenomena and, compared to other European Union countries (mostly in Western and Northern Europe), the number of the programmes is still insufficient. Moreover, the number and character of the perpetrator programmes in Eastern European and Baltic countries is to a large extent determined by traditional gender relations, glorification of the traditional family and specific definitions of masculinities and femininities, as well as by the nature of the anti-violence legislation that exists in particular countries. The presented findings result from research on the specificity of work with perpetrators of domestic violence in the region. The analysis is based on the cases of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania and Poland. It is to a large extent the result of research conducted within the Daphne III project IMPACT: Evaluation of European Perpetrator Programmes (2013-2014) and of analysis of national reports delivered by country experts for a project conducted by the Work with Perpetrators - European Network in 2013., Katarzyna Wojnicka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Od nástupu páté generace čínských vůdců k moci v listopadu 2012 se pozorovatelé Číny intenzivně zamýšlejí nad tím, zda se Xi Jinpingovu vedení podaří obnovit reformní proces zpomalený během předcházející dekády. Velmi diskutovaná je i úzce související otázka, zda se v Xi Jinpingovi vrací do čínské politiky postava individuálního autoritářského vůdce Mao Zedongova ražení., The article researches the rule of Xi Jinping's fifth generation of Chinese leaders, from their rise to power at the 18th Congress of the Communist Party of China in November 2012 until June 2014. It describes some of the organizational aspects of the most recent power transition and examines the most important document of the Xi administration so far available to us, The Decision on Major issues Concerning the Comprehensive Deepening of Reforms, announced after the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in November 2013. The article further outlines the impact of the Decision, particularly the formation of several new leading groups and their allocated tasks. The text further addresses the question as to whether Xi Jinping's strong position signals the return to Chinese politics of the Mao-style individual authoritarian rule. The research draws on sources such as official documents, media statements and news articles, as well sas on several relevant articles., Ondřej Klimeš., and Obsahuje bibliografii