Arne Laurin., "Toulavé zprávy" jest rozšířený otisk autorovy studie, která vyšla po prvé v týdeníku Přítomnost, ročník IV., číslo 49 ze dne 15. prosince 1928. Dvě stě exemplářů vytiskl "Orbis" ... podle osnovy Arthura Novákas o vánocích 1928 na náklad Arne Laurina, Vl. jméno autora: Lustig, Arnošt, and Na patitulu: Srdečné přání k Novému roku 1929 posílá p. prof. Klírovi Arne Laurin (vlastnoruční věnování a podpis autorův)
This article can be described as a legal-sociological take on the constitutional norm that defines the character of political representation in democratic Poland. Although this norm refers to the purely representative character of democracy, it differs from the expectations of society, which regards elected representatives as dependent on the will of the electorate even beyond election day. Research shows that elected representatives have very varied opinions on their role. When they consider the voting prerogatives of national minorities or the quota representation of women, it is sociographic representation that they have in mind. As for the representation of opinion, they agree on some points and differ over others, recognising the latitude of their mandate, supporting referenda, but also limiting their legal significance. They also describe the subject of representation and the nature of the ties it is based on in different ways. Some feel themselves entirely dependent on society, while others aim to express the interests of only certain segments of society. This leads to the claim that such variability in conceptions and interpretations is the strength of representation. Sociologists in general, and sociologists of law in particular, must bear this fact in mind when interpreting the process that takes place within the great legislative factory.
A study of displacements relating to geodynamical processes involves a use of accurate measurement equipment. Better and better accuracy of field surveys neglecting a survey environment can be insufficient in a reliable study. One of the environmental aspects is discussed in the paper. That is a geotechnical condition of a ground - an environment of benchmarks, which changes of position are observed in geodetic surveys. The conditions determine a ground stability affected by weather or geological processes. The main idea of the paper is to consider geotechnical and geological aspects in geodetic reasoning carried on the base of displacement analysis within a study of geodynamics. There are presented examples illustrating the problem. The first relates to former levelling observations carried in an area of Wieliczka, well geologically surveyed due to mining activity in a salt deposit. There are presented results obtained on the base of a numerical analysis. The seasonal variations of benchmarks’ heights are explained in a background of geology. The changes of ground properties induced by atmospheric conditions are suggested as the main cause of the displacements. The survey data processing provided values of displacements caused by seasonally expanding grounds. The second examples concerns ongoing observations in the area of Inowroclaw (located above the salt dome) bring similar variations of heights that can not be related to that cause. The estimated linear trend of height changes proves an uplift process of the salt dome. Derived conclusions suggest a certain methodology helpful in reliable analysis of geodetic surveys. The conclusions prove that geodetic surveys carried out for investigations of displacements in geodynamics require quite extensive geological data., Zbigniew Szczerbowski., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Jednotlivci mají nesmírně velké systémy modálních znalostí a domněnek - systémy toho, co a je a co není možné, a systémy toho, co je a co není nutné. Takové individualizované systémy modálních znalostí a domněnek se nazývají "modálni světy." V tomto článku se ukazuje, že modalita plyne z kauzace, že modálni "implikace" a "vyplývání" je třeba chápat jako modálni determinovanost, že modálni slovesa nefungují sama o sobě, nýbrž zároveň s jinými prostředky, že modálni znalosti lze pojednat, že existují plochy modálni stability a že některé modálni znalosti jsou explicitní a jiné implicitní. Článek uzavírá návrhem reprezentace modálních znalostí a domněnek.
Environmental pollution by antibiotics poses a potential ecological risk to aquatic photosynthetic organisms. In the present study, toxic effects of erythromycin on PSI and PSII were investigated in cyanobacteria culture medium of Microcystis aeruginosa. The activity and electron transport of both photosystems were affected by erythromycin in a concentrationdependent manner. The quantum yield of PSII (YII) was reduced at 0.1 mg L-1 of erythromycin, while the quantum yield of PSI (YI) significantly decreased at concentration of 5-25 mg L-1. The decline of YII was accompanied by an increase of nonregulated energy dissipation (YNO). At 10 mg L-1 of erythromycin, YII decreased by 55%, while YNO increased by 18%. The decrease of YI induced by erythromycin was caused by donor-side limitation of PSI (YND). YND was markedly enhanced with elevated erythromycin concentration. At 10 mg L-1 of erythromycin, YI and YNA (PSI acceptor-side limitation) decreased by 8 and 82%, respectively, while YND rose by 314%. The quantum yield of cyclic electron flow increased significantly at 0.1-1 mg L-1 of erythromycin; it decreased but remained higher than that of the control at 5-25 mg L-1 of erythromycin. The contribution of cyclic electron flow to YI, and to linear electron flow rose significantly with the increasing erythromycin concentration. The maximum values of electron transport rates in PSII and PSI decreased by 71 and 24.3%, respectively, at 25 mg L-1 of erythromycin. Compared with the untreated control, the light saturation of PSII and PSI decreased significantly with increasing erythromycin concentration. We showed that concentrations of erythromycin >- 5 mg L-1 could exert acute toxicity to cyanobacteria, whereas the chronic toxicity caused by concentrations of ng or μg L-1 needs further research., C.-N. Deng, D.-Y. Zhang, X.-L. Pan., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of increased copper contents on selected physiological processes in oneyear-old Pinus sylvestris L. needles from a former German timber storage area in Warcino Forest District, a subject to an environmental quality survey. Samples were collected from the area with the high copper content in the soil. The control area was a nearby pine tree stand showing unimpeded growth. The significant growth inhibition was found in dwarf shoots and whole needles, increased water content, and reduced dry mass were also observed. The chlorophyll content was lowered, while 20% higher electrolyte leakage was found. Chlorophyll a fluorescence indicated only higher values of the nonphotochemical quenching in P. sylvestris from the Cu-site. Significant differences were shown in the rate of gas exchange measured by changes in carbon dioxide or oxygen concentration. The intensity of photosynthesis in needles of P. sylvestris from the Cu-site measured by CO2 uptake was considerably higher than that of oxygen production. The rate of respiration in the needles from the Cu-site measured by the amount of released CO2 was higher only by 15%, while according to O2 consumed, the rate increased by 30% in relation to the control. Our results suggest that the copper accumulation in P. sylvestris needles affected the morphology and physiology of the studied organs., K. Możdżeń, T. Wanic, G. Rut, T. Łaciak, A. Rzepka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The oogonia and oocytes in the ovaries of Toxocara canis are joined to a cytoplasmic process called the rachis. The rachis is a muchbranched cytoplasmic mass without cell components in the germinal zone. At the end of the germinal zone and in the growth zone the cytoplasmic mass is formed into a central axial cylinder, containing small dense granules, lipid drops and glycogen. Throughout the growth zone shell granules similar to those present in the oocytes are also present in the rachis. Anterior to the opening of the ovaries into the oviduct the rachis disappears. The ovarian wall is composed of epithelial cells, adjoining the basal lamina. They are characterized by the presence of large numbers of mitochondria, especially in the germinal zone. The epithelial cells in the growth zone also contain rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and bundles of microfibrils. A dense tubular material occurs between the basal membrane of the epithelial cells and the basal lamina as well as in the wall intercellular spaces in the ovarian growth zone. Multivesicular labyrinthlike formations can also be observed in the epithelial intercellular spaces in the central portion of the T. canis ovary.
The fine structure of the oviduct, oviduct-uterine junction and uterus of the nematode Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) is described. Columnar-type epithelioid cells with numerous microvilli at the apical membrane border the oviduct lumen. Many electron dense secretory products are present in these cells. The cells lining the oviduct-uterine junction have no microvilli. They are coated with an electron-dense layer and contain numerous membrane-bound dense material containing bodies. Externally, the cells are surrounded by a basal lamina and muscle cells. The epithelial cells lining the greater part of the paired uteri appear to be rather flat. The oocytes inside the oviduct are covered with a dense thick plasma membrane and contain lipid droplets, dense granules and glycogen. The morphology of the oocytes before the fertilization inside the oviduct-uterine junction resembles that of the oocyte in the oviduct. After the fertilization the egg shell formation takes place. The egg shell of T.canis is composed of four layers: uterine, vitelline, middle chitinous and inner layer. The differences between the fine structure of the egg shell of T. canis and other related nematodes are discussed.
The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) infects humans resulting in acute toxoplasmosis, an infection that in immunocompetent people is typically mild but results in persistent latent toxoplasmosis. In that T. gondii appears to affect dopamine synthesis and because addicting drugs affect midbrain dopamine transmission, latent toxoplasmosis could influence substance use. Using both the third and continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we used logistic regression to test for associations between T. gondii seropositivity and subject self-report of having ever used tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine. In the third NHANES dataset, which included data for tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine, T. gondii seropositivity was associated with a reduced likelihood of self-reported marijuana (OR = 0.71 [95% CI: 0.58; 0.87]; p = 0.001) and cocaine use (OR = 0.72 [95% CI: 0.56; 0.91]; p = 0.006). In the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys dataset, which included data for all six substances, T. gondii seropositivity was associated with a reduced likelihood of self-reported tobacco (OR = 0.87 [95% CI: 0.76; 1.00]; p = 0.044), marijuana (OR = 0.60 [95% CI: 0.50; 0.72]; p < 0.001), heroin (OR = 0.60 [95% CI: 0.42; 0.85]; p = 0.005) and methamphetamine use (OR = 0.54 [95% CI: 0.38; 0.77]; p = 0.001). We observed interactions between sex and T. gondii seropositivity in the prediction of self-reported use of tobacco and alcohol. Further, T. gondii seropositivity appeared to remove the protective effect of education and economic status against self-reported cigarette smoking. These findings suggest that T. gondii seropositivity may be inversely associated with some but not all types of substance use in US adults., Andrew N. Berrett, Shawn D. Gale, Lance D. Erickson, Evan L. Thacker, Bruce L. Brown, Dawson W. Hedges., and Obsahuje bibliografii