The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) combined with indirect calorimetry (IC) is used for estimation of insulin-stimulated substrate utilization. Calculations are based on urinary urea nitrogen excretion (UE), which is influenced by correct urine collection. The aims of our study were to improve the timing of urine collection during the clamp and to test the effect of insulin on UE in patients with type 1 diabetes (DM1; n=11) and healthy subjects (C; n=11). Urine samples were collected (a) over 24 h divided into 3-h periods and (b) before and during two-step clamp (1 and 10 mIU.kg-1.min-1; period 1 and period 2) combined with IC. The UE during the clamp was corrected for changes in urea pool size (UEc). There were no significant differences in 24-h UE between C and DM1 and no circadian variation in UE in either group. During the clamp, serum urea decreased significantly in both groups (p<0.01). Therefore, UEc was significantly lower as compared to UE not adjusted for changes in urea pool size both in C (p<0.001) and DM1 (p<0.001). While UE did not change during the clamp, UEc decreased significantly in both groups (p<0.01). UEc during the clamp was significantly higher in DM1 compared to C both in period 1 (p<0.05) and period 2 (p<0.01). The UE over 24 h and UEc during the clamp were statistically different in both C and DM1. We conclude that urine collection performed during the clamp with UE adjusted for changes in urea pool size is the most suitable technique for measuring substrate utilization during the clamp both in DM1 and C. Urine collections during the clamp cannot be replaced either by 24-h sampling (periods I-VII) or by a single 24-h urine collection. Attenuated insulin-induced decrease in UEc in DM1 implicates the impaired insulin effect on proteolysis. and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Urychlovače slouží k získávání intenzivních svazků iontů nebo částic s vysokou rychlostí a energií. Kinetické energie dodávané současnými urychlovači jsou v rozsahu od několika stovek keV do několika TeV (1 eV = 1.6 x 10(19) J). V makrosvětě tyto energie nikoho neohromí, ale v mikrosvětě je vše jinak: rychlost protonu s kinetickou energií 200 keV činí 2 % rychlosti světla, u elektronu se stejnou kinetickou eneregií je to dokonce 70 %. Ve světě vysokých energií se slovo urychlovač stává trochu nesmyslným, neboť rychlost částic už skoro neroste (blíží se rychlosti světla), ale roste jejich energie a tudíž i relativistická hmotnost., Zdeněk Doležal., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Using ^^C02, ^^02 and H2O gas exchange as weU as metabolite analysis, net CO2 uptake (P]4) and transpiration rate (£) were measured in the water-stressed plants of Digitalis lanata EHRH. The leaf conductance (gcch). the gross CO2 uptake (Pq), Úie photorespiration (Rp) and reassíinilation (RA) rates were calculated from measuied parameters. The pulse modulated fluorescence was measured duiing the steady statě photosynthesis. After withholding iirigation, the leaf water potential decreased to -2.S MPa, but leaves remained turgid and fully exposed to iiradiance even at a severe water stress. Due to the stress-induced reduction of gcch. and E were drastically reduced, whereas Pq and Rp were less affected. Water use efficiency (WUE), which was higher in 1 000 than 350 cm3(C02) increased as the water stress developed. The stomatal closure induced an increase in the reassimilation (RA) of internally liberated CO2 (Rp). The increased CO2 recycling in relation to the water stress was high in 350 cm^(C02) m-^ and still substantial in 1 000 cm3(C02) and consumed a substantial amount of radiant energy in the form of ATP and reduction equivalents. Consequently, the metabolic demand for radiant energy was reduced by less than 40 %, whereas was diminished by more than 70 % in severely stressed plants at 350 cm3(C02) m*3. Additionally, the quantum efiBciency of photosystem 2 as a measure for the flux of photosynthetically generated electrons was reduced upon the stress. This (and possibly other mechanisms) enabled the stressed plants to avoid overreduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
Computed tomography (CT) is an effective diagnostic modality for three-dimensional imaging of bone structures, including the geometry of their defects. The aim of the study was to create and optimize 3D geometrical and real plastic models of the distal femoral component of the knee with joint surface defects. Input data included CT images of stifle joints in twenty miniature pigs with iatrogenic osteochondrosis-like lesions in medial femoral condyle of the left knee. The animals were examined eight and sixteen weeks after surgery. Philips MX 8000 MX and View workstation were used for scanning parallel plane cross section slices and Cartesian discrete volume creation. On the average, 100 slices were performed in each stifle joint. Slice matrices size was 512 x 512 with slice thickness of 1 mm. Pixel (voxel) size in the slice plane was 0.5 mm (with average accuracy of ± 0.5 mm and typical volume size 512 × 512 × 100 voxels). Three-dimensional processing of CT data and 3D geometrical modelling, using interactive computer graphic system MediTools formerly developed here, consisted of tissue segmentation (raster based method combination and 5 % of manual correction), vectorization by the marching-cubes method, smoothing and decimation. Stifle- joint CT images of three individuals of different body size (small, medium and large) were selected to make the real plastic models of their distal femurs from plaster composite using rapid prototyping technology of Zcorporation. Accuracy of the modeling was ± 0.5 mm. The real plastic models of distal femurs can be used as a template for developing custom made press and fit scaffold implants seeded with mesenchymal stem cells that might be subsequently implanted into iatrogenic joint surface defects for articular cartilage-repair enhancement., P. Krupa, P. Kršek, M. Javorník, O. Dostál, R. Srnec, D. Usvald, P. Proks, H. Kecová, E. Amler, J. Jančář, P. Gál, L. Plánka, A. Nečas., and Obsahuje bibliografii
A comparison of the effects of ultrasound produced by low- and high-frequency ultrasonic apparatuses upon biological systems is one of the basic problems when studying ultrasound cavitation effects. One possibility for how to compare these effects is the indirect method which uses well-known physical quantities characterizing the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter and which also converts these quantities to one common physical quantity. The comparison was performed with two methods applied to the chemical dosimetry of ionizing radiation. The first method employed a twocomponent dosimeter which is composed of 50 % chloroform and 50 % re-distilled water (i.e. Taplin dosimeter). The other method used a modified iodide dosimeter prepared from a 0.5 M potassium iodide solution. After irradiation or ultrasound exposure, measurable chemical changes occurred in both dosimeters. The longer the exposure, the greater the chemical changes. These effects are described by the relationship of these changes versus the exposure times in both dosimeters. The UZD 21 ultrasonic disintegrator (with a frequency of 20 kHz, 50 % power output) was used as a lowfrequency ultrasound source, and the BTL-07 therapeutic instrument (with a frequency of 1 MHz and intensity of 2 W/cm2) was used as a high-frequency cavitation ultrasound source. For comparison, a 60Co gamma source was applied (60Co, gamma energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, activity of 14 PBq). Results of this study have demonstrated that the sonochemical products are generated during exposure in the exposed samples of both dosimeters for all apparatuses used. The amount of these products depends linearly upon the exposure time. The resulting cavitation effects were recalculated to a gray-equivalent dose (the proposed unit is cavitation gray [cavitGy]) based on the sonochemical effects compared to the effects of ionizing radiation from the 60Co source., B. Kratochvíl, V. Mornstein., and Obsahuje bibliografii