Light trapping is the most widely used tool for determining the diversity of nocturnal Lepidoptera, but UV LEDs have yet to be used as light sources for the large-scale monitoring of Lepidoptera. We assessed the efficiency of this novel light source for sampling moths using a Heath type moth equipped with a strip of 150 high brightness UV LEDs (emission peak 398 nm, ~ 15 W) powered by a 12 V battery. We compared the number of individuals, the number of species and the Geometridae / Noctuidae ratio recorded for the samples collected using UV LED traps with those collected in two monitoring programs carried out in the same geographic region using two different light sources: a 200 W incandescent lamp (Rothamsted trap) and a 160 W mercury vapour lamp (manual catch). The total catch consisted of 61,120 individuals belonging to 699 species. The species richness rarefaction curves revealed that the Rothamsted trap collected fewer species and individuals than UV LED traps. Furthermore, the median numbers of species and individuals caught by UV LED traps fell within the range of those caught by mercury vapour lamp traps. In addition, the community composition recorded using incandescent lamps and UV LEDs was similar. The data obtained using UV LED traps, in absolute terms and in comparison with the other light sources and different sampling methods, clearly reveal that this light source is suitable for sampling macro-moth communities. For field work UV LEDs have many advantages, as they are resistant to mechanical damage, easily protected from heavy rain and energy efficient., Marco Infusino, Gunnar Brehm, Carlo Di Marco, Stefano Scalercio., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Morphological, anatomical, and physiological leaf traits of Corylus avellana plants growing in different light conditions within the natural reserve "Siro Negri" (Italy) were analyzed. The results highlighted the capability of C. avellana to grow both in sun and shade conditions throughout several adaptations at leaf level. In particular, the more than 100% higher specific leaf area in shade is associated to a 44% lower palisade to spongy parenchyma thickness ratio compared with that in sun. Moreover, the chlorophyll (Chl) a to Chl b ratio decreased in response to the 97% decrease in photosynthetic photon flux density. The results highlighted the decrease in the ratio of Chl to carotenoid content, the maximum PSII photochemical efficiency, and the actual PSII photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) associated with the increase in the ratio of photorespiration to net photosynthesis (PN) in sun. Chl a/b ratio was the most significant variable explaining PN variations in shade. In sun, PN was most influenced by the ratio between the fraction of electron transport rate (ETR) used for CO2 assimilation and ETR used for photorespiration, by ΦPSII, nitrogen content per leaf area, and by total Chl content per leaf area. The high phenotypic plasticity of C. avellana (PI = 0.33) shows its responsiveness to light variations. In particular, a greater plasticity of morphological (PIm = 0.41) than of physiological (PIp = 0.36) and anatomical traits (PIa = 0.24) attests to the shade tolerance of the species., R. Catoni, M.U. Granata, F. Sartori, L. Varone, L. Gratani., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This paper presents the preliminary results of the study of the Early Neolithic pottery production in the Marche region, Italy (VI mill. BC). The main goal of this research is to expand the knowledge of pottery manufacturing processes associated to the typical Central Adriatic Impressed Ware, at present poorly understood. All sites under analysis are located in the piedmont hills of the Apennine Mountains, except one which is on the coast. This study aims to highlight synchronic and diachronic variability in pottery technology, to identify common traits and to investigate the raw materials selection and exploitation strategies. The pottery assemblages are examined by means of an integrated approach which include techno-typological and archaeometric analyses. The environmental factors, the distribution of resources, the technology solutions taken by these early Neolithic communities are considered. and Článek předkládá předběžné výsledky studia časně neolitické výroby keramiky v oblasti Marche, Itálie (6. tisíciletí př. Kr.). Hlavním cílem tohoto výzkumu bylo rozšířit dosud sporé znalosti o keramických výrobních postupech spojených s typickou středojadranskou keramikou impresso. Všechny zkoumané lokality se nacházejí v předhůří Apenin, kromě jedné, která leží na pobřeží. Cílem studia je upozornit na synchronní a diachronní variabilitu keramické technologie, určit společné prvky a zkoumat výběr surovin a těžební strategie. Keramické soubory byly zkoumány jednotným postupem zahrnujícím techno-typologické a archeometrické analýzy. V potaz byly brány i přírodní prostředí, rozmístění zdrojů a technologická řešení, která sledované časně neolitické komunity volily.
Článek srovnává problémy soudobého práva na Západě, které je kritizováno pro úpadek právní jistoty i důvěry společnosti v právo, s problémy práva ve společnostech v italských státech mezi vrcholným středověkem a raným novověkem.Toto srovnání ukazuje, že řada problémů nacházených v soudobých právních řádech včetně nejistoty způsobené právním pluralismem nebo pluralitou pramenů práva, nestability práva, proliferace právních předpisů a rozpory mezi nimi nebo pomalého a formalistického soudnictví, které může podléhat i korupčním tlakům a včetně nátlaku lobbistických skupin se na Západě zjevně opakuje, což svádí k závěru, že jde o antropologické konstanty spojené s vládnutím prostřednictvím práva
v západním pojetí. To, zdá se, platí i o reformách práva, po kterých se opakovaně volá a které se provádějí, aniž by byly schopny přinést definitivní řešení. and The present article compares the problems of contemporary Western law, criticized for the demise of legal certainty and social confidence in law, with those in societies in Italian states between High Middle Ages and Early Modern period. This comparison shows that many problems found in
the present legal systems including uncertainty due to legal pluralism and plurality of sources of law, instability of law, proliferation of written law and conflicts between its provisions, slow and formalist judiciary which may be prone to corruption or pressures from lobby groups are repeated in the West
which suggests that these problems may represent anthropological constants linked to rule through law in the Western understanding. It seems that this observation holds true also for legal reforms which are regularly called for and put into practice without being able to bring about the ideal
solution.
Řekne-li se Leonardo, vytanou nám na mysli názvy jeho nejznámějších malířských děl Madona ve skalách, Poslední večeře, Mona Lisa či Dáma s hranostajem. Teprve potom anatomické nebo technické náčrty, přestože jich je mnohem víc. Byl samouk, přitom však nejuniverzálnější z lidí v době, kdy všestrannost ještě nepatřila k nesplnitelným snům. Svými poznatky obohatil téměř všechny vědní oblasti doby, v níž žil - anatomii, fyziologii, botaniku, paleontologii, kartografii, geologii, matematiku, chemii, aerodynamiku, astronomii, optiku, mechaniku, hydrauliku i akustiku. Měl dobré důvody cítit se geniálním umělcem i učencem., Ivo Kraus., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Several studies address the question of which forest attributes are most important for the conservation of biodiversity. Unfortunately, there are no unequivocal answers because the response of a biological group to changes in forest structure depends on its natural history and scale of organization. It is important to increase our knowledge of the potential relationships between under studied groups of species and forest variables in order to adopt timber harvesting strategies not detrimental to biodiversity, especially in old-growth forests. We assessed the importance of 10 forest attributes and old-growth for Psychidae (Lepidoptera) species and communities. Research was carried out in 12 forest stands in a mountainous beech dominated landscape in southern Italy, in the middle of the Mediterranean Basin. Samples were collected in 2001 and 2013 and data were merged after pairwise comparison analyses that confirmed the long term stability of communities. Correspondence Analysis, Cluster Analysis and non-parametric Spearman Rank Order Correlation were used to identify determinants of Psychidae abundance and diversity. We collected 2,732 Psychidae belonging to 8 species. Correspondence analysis identified old-growth as the main determinant of communities. Most significant attributes for individual species were beech dominance, diameter at breast height and its standard deviation. For Taleporia defoliella there were positive correlations with these forest parameters, whereas for Psyche crassiorella the correlations were negative. This study underlined the importance of forest attributes associated with old-growth forests for sustaining biodiversity. These findings indicate the need to incorporate these attributes in forest planning, especially those aspects that are easily recognizable such as the number of large trees., Stefano Scalercio, Teresa Bonacci, Rosario Turco, Vincenzo Bernardini., and Obsahuje bibliografii