Two blacklight traps were operated in a non-agricultural setting in Cary, North Carolina, USA, from spring through fall in 2004 and 2005 and all Coccinellidae collected and identified. More than 1300 lady beetles were collected in each of the two years, with Harmonia axyridis dominant (> 98%) and collected consistently over the course of the trapping period. Although other coccinellid species were observed in the vicinity of the traps during photophase, their appearance in blacklight traps was negligible. Harmonia axyridis exhibited a distinct diel periodicity in appearance at the traps, beginning approximately an hour after sunset and ending about midnight. Sunrise and sunset collections from flight interference and sticky traps in a local alfalfa field suggest that H. axyridis may be more flight active during the scotophase than Coleomegilla maculata, Hippodamia convergens, and Coccinella septempunctata. This study supports the suggestion that blacklight traps give a biased depiction of coccinellid species composition in a given area, and indicates that seasonal and circadian thresholds for flight activity, phototaxis, or both in H. axyridis may diverge from those in most other Coccinellidae., Christine A. Nalepa., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Two principal pheromones are essential in all cockroach sexual behavioral sequences: the volatile sex attractant pheromone released by one partner for long distance attraction and an aphrodisiac sex pheromone produced exclusively by male tergal glands for female mounting and feeding behavior. In the Blaberinae subfamily, the female produces volatile sex attractant pheromones and the male, aphrodisiacs. A close relationship is known to exist between the release of these pheromonal signals from specific glands and the corresponding behaviors (female calling posture and male wing raising). However, in this cockroach group, no data on the glands secreting sex attractant pheromones and aphrodisiacs have been available until now. In seven species of the Blaberinae subfamily: Blaberus colosseus, B. craniifer, B. discoidalis, Blaptica interior, Byrsotria fumigata, Eublaberus distanti and E. posticus; one species of the Zetoborinae subfamily: Schultesia lampyridiformis; one species of the Epilamprinae subfamily: Epilampra maya and one species of the Panesthiinae subfamily, Panesthia sp., the females possess all pygidial glands on the 10 th tergite and the males have tergal glands situated anteriorly, generally on tergites T1 and T2. These glands are formed of type 3 glandular units with two cells, i.e. glandular and canal cells. The uniform presence of female pygidial glands and male tergal glands explains their relationship with their corresponding sexual behaviors.
Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary v Belize se zaměřuje hlavně na ochranu jaguára (Panthera onca). V rezervaci je ovšem možné pozorovat mnohé jiné zajímavé druhy živočichů z neotropické fauny, stejně jako flóry rostoucí v několika vegetačních typech tropických lesů. and The Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize focuses on Jaguar (Panthera onca) conservation. However, some other remarkable neotropical wild animal species and plants from some tropical forest vegetation zones can be met there.
Single element optical systems are nowadays used very seldom due their limited optical properties. Possible solution can be the use of the variable optical components. Without need of movable mechanical parts and currently keeping small dimensions it’s possible to get optical systems with variable focal length in wide range with just one optical element. In this article there are described at this time the most often used designs of these lenses. Furthermore there is also a theoretical optical analysis for selected focal lengths of Varioptic Arctic 314 and Varioptic 416 liquid lenses included. and Jednoprvkové optické systémy jsou v současné době používány velice zřídka, a to z důvodu jejich omezených optických vlastností. Jedno z možných řešení tohoto problému může být použití optických prvků s proměnnými optickými vlastnostmi. Tyto nám umožní konstrukci optických systémů s proměnnou ohniskovou vzdáleností v širokém rozsahu bez potřeby užití pohyblivých prvků a při zachování kompaktních rozměrů. V článku jsou popsány v současné době nejvíce používaná konstrukční řešení těchto čoček. Dále je také provedena analýza vybraných optických vlastností kapalinových čoček Varioptic Arctic 314 a Varioptic Arctic 416 pro některé hodnoty z výrobcem udávaného rozsahu ohniskových vzdáleností.