People partaking in a conversation can add to the common ground of said conversation by performing different speech acts. That is, they can influence which propositions are presumed to be shared among them. In this paper, I am going to apply the common ground framework to the phenomenon of epistemic injustice. In doing so, I am going to focus on two kinds of speech acts: making assertions and asking certain kinds of questions. And I am going to look at three varieties of epistemic injustice: testimonial injustice, inquiring injus- tice and interpretative injustice. I am going to argue that what all these varieties of epistemic injustice have in common is that they unfairly inhibit the speaker’s ability to add to the common ground in the way intended by her. This in turn negatively affects which conversational roles a speaker can play in a given conversation. Based on these results, I am going to end by looking at some of the harms that epistemic injustice inflicts upon its victims.
The current range and distribution of the common hamster, Cricetus cricetus in Poland was established. The range of the species has dwindled substantially in the course of just 30 years and the process is still going on. The Polish populations are isolated from the Belarussian, Czech and German ones, there is low probability of some exchange with Ukrainian hamsters. Moreover, two main areas of hamster distribution in Poland are isolated from each other. In view of the marked shrinkage and fragmentation of the range, we propose changing the status of this species in Poland from unknown (DD) to endangered (EN).
The paper deals with the paradoxes of inference and analysis. It attempts to show what is specific about these paradoxes. They have got a lot in common. Often, they are not considered paradoxes in the strict sense at all. Moreover, they both raise the same problem: How can the requirements of correctness and informativeness be both met for inference and for conceptual analysis? The strategies developed to address the problem are similar for both cases. In the paper, I claim that the paradoxes have common origins. This claim is supported by comparing different strategies adopted to resolve the problem. Regarding their origins, both paradoxes share the epistemological framework that is grounded in Aristotle’s theory of science. This is related to the problem of implicit knowledge, which is a variation on a dilemma formulated by Plato in his Meno. Aristotle’s solution to the dilemma of Meno is discussed and considered as another plausible strategy for dealing with the paradoxes of inference and analysis., Příspěvek se zabývá paradoxy odvození a analýzy. Snaží se ukázat, co je na těchto paradoxech specifické. Mají spoustu společného. Často nejsou vůbec považovány za paradoxy. Oba tyto otázky navíc vyvolávají stejný problém: Jak mohou být splněny požadavky na správnost a informativnost pro závěry a pro koncepční analýzu? Strategie vyvinuté pro řešení tohoto problému jsou podobné v obou případech. V příspěvku tvrdím, že paradoxy mají společný původ. Toto tvrzení je podpořeno porovnáním různých strategií přijatých k vyřešení problému. Pokud jde o jejich původ, oba paradoxy sdílejí epistemologický rámec, který je založen na Aristotelově teorii vědy. To souvisí s problémem implicitní znalosti, což je variace na dilema formulované Platónem v jehoMeno . Aristotelovo řešení dilematu Meno je diskutováno a považováno za další přijatelnou strategii pro řešení paradoxů odvození a analýzy., and Karel Šebela
The article deals with the principle of openness in the judiciary, specifically communicating judicial decisions to the public. Firstly, it discusses the relation between publicity and transparency of courts on the one hand and their legitimacy on the other. While the authors believe that the judiciary should be increasingly open to the public and point out benefits of that approach, they also recognize the risks thereof. Based on a comparative analysis of courts in a number of European states as well as the CJEU and ECHR the article analyses typical approaches to communication of judicial decisions. The final chapter contains normative conclusions which can serve as general guidelines applicable within the European judiciary., Daniel Askari, Kristina Blažková, Jan Chmel, Kristina Rademacherová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that procedurally structured con- cepts are central to human communication in all cultures and throughout history. This thesis is supported by an analytical survey of three very different means of communication, namely Egyptian hieroglyphs, pictures, and Inca knot writing known as khipu. My thesis is that we learn, communicate and think by means of concepts; and regardless of the way in which the meaning of an expression is encoded, the meaning is a concept. Yet we do not define concepts within the classical set-theoretical framework. Instead, within the logical framework of Transparent Intensional Logic, we explicate concepts as logical procedures that can be assigned to expressions as their context-invariant meaning. In particular, complex meanings, which structurally match complex expressions, are complex procedures whose parts are sub-procedures. The moral suggested by the paper is this. Concepts are not flat sets; rather, they are algorithmically structured abstract procedures. Unlike sets, concepts have constituent sub-procedures that can be executed in order to arrive at the product of the procedure (if any). Not only particular parts matter, but also the way of combining these parts into one whole ''instruction'' that can be followed, understood, executed, learnt, etc., matters., Cílem příspěvku je ukázat, že procesně strukturované koncepty jsou ústředním bodem lidské komunikace ve všech kulturách a v průběhu dějin. Tato práce je podpořena analytickým průzkumem tří velmi odlišných komunikačních prostředků, konkrétně egyptských hieroglyfů, obrázků a psaní uzlů Inků známých jako khipu. Má diplomová práce je, že se učíme, komunikujeme a myslíme pomocí konceptů; a bez ohledu na způsob, jakým je význam výrazu zakódován, významem je pojem. Nedefinujeme však koncepty v rámci klasického teoretického rámce. Místo toho, v logickém rámci Transparentní Intenzionální Logiky, vysvětlujeme pojmy jako logické procedury, které mohou být přiřazeny výrazům jako jejich kontextově invariantní význam. Zejména složité významy, které strukturně odpovídají komplexním výrazům, jsou složité postupy, jejichž součástí jsou dílčí postupy. Morální návrh, který tento článek navrhl, je toto. Pojmy nejsou ploché soupravy; jsou to spíše algoritmicky strukturované abstraktní postupy. Na rozdíl od sad, koncepty mají dílčí dílčí postupy, které mohou být provedeny, aby se dospělo k produktu postupu (pokud existuje). Nezáleží jen na jednotlivých částech, ale také na způsobu spojování těchto částí do jedné ,,instrukce'', kterou lze sledovat, chápat, realizovat, učit se atd., Záleží na tom., and Marie Duží
Resolution of seamless switching within a set of available wireless access solutions applied in ITS (Intelligent Transport System) applications is presented. The CALM based system or specifically designed and configured L3/L2 switching can be an adequate solution for the multi-path access communication system. These systems have to meet requirements of the seamless secure communications functionality within even an extensive cluster of moving objects. Competent decision processes based on precisely quantified system requirements and each performance indicator tolerance range must be implemented to keep service up and running with no influence of continuously changing conditions in time and served space.
The method of different paths service quality evaluation and selection of the best possible active communications access path is introduced. This method is studied within project STATVU (System Requirements and Architecture of the Universal Telematic Vehicle Unit is grant 2A-1TP1/138 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic.). The proposed approach is based on Kalman filtering which separates reasonable part of noise and also allows prediction of the individual parameters near future behavior. The presented classification algorithm applied on filtered measured data combined with deterministic parameters is trained using historical data, i. e. combination of parameters vectors line and relevant decisions. Quality of classification is dependent on the size and quality of the training data sets.
Community structure implies some features in various real-world networks, and these features can help us to analysis structural and functional properties in the complex system. It has been proved that the classic k-means algorithm can efficiently cluster nodes into communities. However, initial seeds decide the efficiency of the k-means, especially when detecting communities with different sizes. To solve this problem, we improve the classic community detection algorithm with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) mapping and local expansion k-means. Since PCA can preserve the distance information of every node pairs, the improved algorithm use PCA to map nodes in the complex network into lower dimension European space, and then detect initial seeds for k-means using the improved local expansion strategy. Based on the chosen initial seeds, the k-means algorithm can cluster nodes into communities. We apply the proposed algorithm in real-world and artificial networks, the results imply that the improved algorithm is efficient to detect communities and is robust to the initial seed of K-means.
Community gardening has become a new phenomenon in Slovakia. The evolution of community gardens has been enhanced thanks to the various motivations of the people involved: to grow and share fresh and healthy vegetables in unused urban spaces adjacent to their homes, to build a sense of community and strengthen social relations, to use and cultivate vacant urban space and to contribute to a more sustainable urban environment. This paper discusses the case of community gardening in the medium-sized city of Banská Bystrica in Slovakia. It analyses the growing popularity of community gardening as a result of the emergence of grassroots activism, a sign indicating the development of civil society. Using an ethnographic approach of participant observation and interviews, this paper also looks at community gardening as a non-political collective action addressing broader global issues.