Monolayer films of phycobilisome-thylakoid membrane complexes isolated from Spirulina platensis were prepared at air/aqueous solution interface by using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The film preparation was optimized with 0.5 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) as sub-phase at 20 °C. The monolayer was transferred into grids and into mica surface for observing the surface image of the complexes by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscope, respectively. The shape of complexes was disk-like with the diameter of about 50 nm and the thickness of about 35 nm. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the complexes in the monolayer were consistent with those in buffer solution, which suggests that the complexes in the monolayer preserve the basic functional groups of photosynthetic apparatus and can be used as a model to investigate the structural connection and functional association of the light-harvesting antenna with the reaction centres. and D.-H. Li ... [et al.].
$\mathbf{SpFi}$ is the category of spaces with filters: an object is a pair $(X,\mathcal{F}) $, $X$ a compact Hausdorff space and $\mathcal{F}$ a filter of dense open subsets of $X$. A morphism $f\: (Y,\mathcal{G}) \rightarrow (X,\mathcal{F}) $ is a continuous function $f\: Y\rightarrow X$ for which $f^{-1}(F) \in \mathcal{G}$ whenever $F\in \mathcal{F}$. This category arises naturally from considerations in ordered algebra, e.g., Boolean algebra, lattice-ordered groups and rings, and from considerations in general topology, e.g., the theory of the absolute and other covers, locales, and frames, though we shall specifically address only one of these connections here in an appendix. Now we study the categorical monomorphisms in $\mathbf{SpFi}$. Of course, these monomorphisms need not be one-to-one. For general $\mathbf{SpFi}$ we derive a criterion for monicity which is rather inconclusive, but still permits some applications. For the category $\mathbf{LSpFi}$ of spaces with Lindelöf filters, meaning filters with a base of Lindelöf, or cozero, sets, the criterion becomes a real characterization with several foci ($C(X) $, Baire sets, etc.), and yielding a full description of the monofine coreflection and a classification of all the subobjects of a given $(X,\mathcal{F}) \in \mathbf{LSpFi}$. Considerable attempt is made to keep the discussion “topological,” i.e., within $\mathbf{SpFi}$, and to not get involved with, e.g., frames. On the other hand, we do not try to avoid Stone duality. An appendix discusses epimorphisms in archimedean $\ell $-groups with unit, roughly dual to monics in $\mathbf{LSpFi}$.
In two subsequent parts, Part I and II, monotonicity and comparison results will be studied, as generalization of the pure stochastic case, for arbitrary dynamic systems governed by nonnegative matrices. Part I covers the discrete-time and Part II the continuous-time case. The research has initially been motivated by a reliability application contained in Part II. In the present Part I it is shown that monotonicity and comparison results, as known for Markov chains, do carry over rather smoothly to the general nonnegative case for marginal, total and average reward structures. These results, though straightforward, are not only of theoretical interest by themselves, but also essential for the more practical continuous-time case in Part II (see \cite{DijkSl2}). An instructive discrete-time random walk example is included.
The monophyly of the subgenus Leptempis Collin of the genus Empis L. is established on the basis of a male hypopygial character, and the possibility of a close relationship between the subgenera Leptempis Collin, Planempis Frey and Kritempis Collin is discussed. Seven new species belonging to Empis (Leptempis) rustica-group are described from France, Germany, Greece and Spain: E. (L.) abdominalis sp. n., E. (L.) lamellata sp. n., E. (L.) multispina sp. n., E. (L.) pandellei sp. n., E. (L.) lamellimmanis sp. n., E. (L.) sinuosa sp. n. and E. (L.) trunca sp. n. A key to the E. (L.) rustica-group is presented., Christophe Daugeron, and Lit
Firms operating in the property sector use information asymmetry and the local monopoly to differentiate prices of housing units. Selling similar housing to purchasers at various prices allows them to maximize profits. The aim of this article is to analyze empirically the behavior of developers, that shape the market situation. It is necessary to depart from the classical analysis of enterprises that operate in a free and competitive market and produce typical, homogeneous goods. We analyze firms that produce heterogeneous goods and make individual trans-actions with each client. We use the hedonic regression to compare the theoretical and empirical prices per sq. m. of dwelling in the primary market in Warsaw and find significant dispersions. The price discrimination strategy, can be one of the explanations of the observed high, upward elasticity of prices.
Monostephanostomum nolani sp. n. is described from Carangoides plagiotaenia Bleeker, off Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. It differs from all other species in the genus except M. manteri Kruse, 1979 in that the vitellarium reaches into the forebody. It differs from M. manteri in the ventral hiatus in the circum-oral spine row, the extent of the vitellarium in the forebody, where it is not confluent, its elongate pharynx and its smaller eggs. Monostephanostomum krusei Reimer, 1983 is redescribed from Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch et Schneider) from Ningaloo Reef off Western Australia. It is considered similar to M. nolani, differing in the vitellarium being restricted to the hindbody, but sharing with M. nolani an unusual arrangement of small body-spines on the antero-ventral surface. It is also morphologically very similar to Monostephanostomum roytmani (Parukhin, 1974), which apparently lacks the diminutive antero-ventral body-spines. A key to eight recognized species in the genus is presented.
We investigate the problem of approximation of measurable multifunctions by monotone sequences of measurable simple ones. Our main tool is the Marczewski function, i.e., the characteristic function of a sequence of sets.
The eigenproblem of a circulant matrix in max-min algebra is investigated. Complete characterization of the eigenspace structure of a circulant matrix is given by describing all possible types of eigenvectors in detail.