Motolice jsou úspěšnou a rozšířenou skupinou parazitů člověka a zvířat. Jejich životní cykly jsou však často komplikované a zahrnují několik ontogenetických stadií i obligátních hostitelů. Pro přenos z hostitele na hostitele mohou motolice využívat potravní řetězce; někdy za tímto účelem ovlivňují i chování napadeného hostitele. Některé skupiny motolic na potravní řetězce nespoléhají a jejich stadia ve vnějším prostředí aktivně vyhledávají hostitele pomocí receptorů. Úspěšným nalezením hostitele však "boj o přežití" nekončí – motolice musí rychle reagovat na vnitřní prostředí hostitele, zejména zvládnout zpracování živin a odvrátit útok jeho imunitního systému. and Trematodes are widespread group of human/animal parasites. Their life cycles are complex and comprise several developmental stages and obligatory hosts. Food chains are frequently used by trematodes for host-to-host transmission; for this purpose host behavior is sometimes influenced by these parasites. Some trematodes produce actively swimming larvae that are able to identify hosts in the outer environment. Host-recognition and -invasion must be accompanied by subsequent rapid morphological, physiological and other changes in trematodes, in order to acquire host nutrients, prevent host immune attack and the like.
We have previously shown that chronic renal failure in rats induces changes in motor activity and behavior. Similar work on the possible effects of acute renal failure (ARF) induced by cisplatin (CP) is lacking. This is the subject matter of the current work. CP was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a single dose of 20 mg/kg to induce a state of ARF, and three days later, its effects on motor activity, thermal and chemical noci ceptive tests, neuromuscular coordination, pentobarbitone-sleeping time, exploration activity and tw o depression models were investigated. The platinum concentration in the kidneys and brains of mice was also measured. The occurrence of CP-induced ARF was ascertained by standard physiological, biochemical and histo-pathological methods. CP induced all the classical biochemical, physiological and histopathological signs of ARF. The average renal platinum concen tration of CP-treated mice was 5.16 ppm, but there was no measurable concentration of platinum in the whole brains. CP treatment significantly decreased motor and exploration activities, and increased immobility time in depression models, suggesting a possible depression-like state. There was also a significant decrease in neuromuscular coordination in CP-treated mice. CP, given at a nephrotoxic dose, induced several adverse motor and behavioral alterations in mice. Further behavioral tests and molecular and biochemical investigations in the brains of mice with CP-induced ARF are warranted., B. H. Ali ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Infrastructure is one of the main causes of landscape fragmentation, which results in isolation and loss of populations. Although the negative effect of roads on insects is well documented, only a minority of studies has focused on roads in the context of barriers to dispersal. Flying species in particular have been neglected. We investigated the effect of a four-lane motorway as a barrier to the movement of an isolated population of the threatened dragonfly Sympetrum depressiusculum in an agricultural landscape in Central Europe. Generalized additive models were used to assess the motorway's effect on (i) the distribution of adult dragonflies in patches of terrestrial habitat surrounding their natal site, and (ii) individual flight behaviour (i.e. willingness or unwillingness to cross the motorway). Movement patterns of marked adults throughout the landscape were also investigated. During one season, significantly fewer adults were found at patches located on the far side of the motorway, indicating it has a barrier effect. Observations on flight behaviour revealed no apparent effect of the motorway. The possible barrier effect for the species studied was therefore presumed to be a consequence of road mortality. Our results indicate that the motorway may influence the dispersal of this threatened species of dragonfly, which is a habitat specialist with particular requirements for its terrestrial environment. Negative effects on other species with similar behaviour and strategy can be presumed. When establishing new habitats, carrying out reintroductions or translocations, it is necessary to consider that roadways may reduce population size and affect population dynamics by limiting dispersal., Hana Šigutová, Filip Harabiš, Michal Hykel, Aleš Dolný., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This contribution presents butterflies with wings on which scales are partially or fully absent, as well as various forms of their cryptic appearance and mimicry and George O. Krizek.
This article is devoted to daowang shi, or poems composed in memory of deceased wives, a so for largely neglected genre of medieval Chinese poetry which has been practiced continuous up to modern times. First, the relationship of the genre fo other threnodic genres of the early medieval period is introduced. Second, first examples of the daowang genre, namely poems by Pan Yue (247-300), are examined from the point of view of the establishment of the genre conventions and their impact on later daowang poetry. This is followed by examination of various daowang poems from late Six Dynasties through all of the Tang period. Attention is paid to conventionalized ways of expression and poetic forms, to the themes of love and of yongwu in connection with the daowang genre, to its deepening private dimension, as well to the daowang genre as social poetry. In these relations, compositions by both major and lesser poets of the Tang period are discussed.