Tato stať se zabývá šesti rozdíly mezi právnickým (především formalisticko-doktrinálním) a ekonomickým (především v podobě analýzy dopadů práva) uvažováním o právních normách, právních institutech a právních systémech. První rozdíl se týká převládajícího směru uvažování mezi obecnějším a konkrétnějším, když v právu převládá uvažování induktivní a v ekonomii deduktivní. Druhý rozdíl se týká pozice pozorovatele vzhledem k právu, když právníci se nacházejí uvnitř práva a ekonomové mimo něj. Třetí rozdíl se týká celistvosti či výsekovosti přístupu k externím souvislostem práva, když právníci preferují přístup holistický a ekonomové redukcionistický. Čtvrtý rozdíl se týká retrospektivnosti či prospektivnosti
přístupu, když právníci nahlížejí na právo z ex post perspektivy a ekonomové z ex ante perspektivy. Pátý rozdíl se týká důrazu na jednotlivé případy či jejich skupiny, když právníci preferují analýzu konkrétních
případů a ekonomové je raději agregují. Šestý rozdíl se týká preference kategorického či spojitého, když právníci upřednostňují jasně vymezené normy charakteru „buď / anebo“ a ekonomové tíhnou kméně ostrým hranicím.Provedená analýza ukazuje, že některé z těchto rozdílů jsou nicméně pouze zdánlivé nebo se týkají pouze určitého aspektu práva či ekonomie. Zejména o právu totiž platí, že některé jeho vlastnosti nemusí být na první pohled patrné (ex ante dopad právních norem, napětí mezi spravedlností na mikroúrovni a makroúrovni). and The essay deals with six differences between legal (mainly formalist-doctrinal) and economic (policy analysis) reasoning about legal rules, institutes, and systems. The first difference consists in the prevalent direction of reasoning between more and less general, whereby legal reasoning is prevalently inductive and economic reasoning is prevalently deductive. The second difference consists in the position of the observer towards the law, whereby lawyers are positioned within the law and economists outside of it. The third difference consists in the whole-like or segment-like approach, whereby lawyers prefer holist approach and economists prefer reductionist approach. The fourth difference consists in retrospectiveness or prospectiveness of the approach, whereby lawyers view the law from the ex post perspective and economists from the ex ante perspective. The fifth difference consists in the emphasis on particular cases or their categories, whereby lawyers prefer analysis of particular cases and economists prefer to aggregate. The sixth difference consists in preferring the categorical or the continuous, whereby lawyers prefer bright-line rules and economists tend to work with less clear distinctions.Nevertheless, the performed analysis reveals that some of the differences are only illusory or relate to only a particular aspect of law or economics.Mainly law has properties that are not obvious at first sight (ex ante effect of legal rules, tension between justice at micro-level and macro-level).
Studie ukazuje souvislosti mezi frekvencí různých stylů zvládání (aktivní, znevážení, bezradnost), percipovanou četností každodenních problémů adolescentů a jejich přesvědčením o vlastním vlivu. Tyto vztahy byly zjišťovány zvlášť v několika sociálních kontextech (škola, rodiče, problémy se sebou samým, vrstevníci, opačné pohlaví, volný čas, volba povolání, představy o budoucnosti). Výzkumný soubor tvořilo celkem 563 respondentů (průměrný věk 15,6 let) z různých středních škol.
Výsledky ukázaly významný vztah mezi bezradností (pasivní coping) a nízkou percepcí vlivu, a to zejména pro problémy ve škole, s rodiči, s vrstevníky a pro oblast volby povolání. Aktivní přístup k řešení problémů a strategie znevažování problémové situace nesouvisí s přesvědčením o vlastním vlivu. Na druhou stranu, používání pasivních strategií a v některých sociálních kontextech (škola, vztahy s opačným pohlavím, volba povolání, představy o budoucnosti) i frekvence aktivního copingu souvisí s četností problémů. and The study is focused on relationships among frequencies of three coping styles (active, discounting, helplessness), perceived frequency of daily hassles, and perceived control beliefs. These relationships were analyzed separately for specific social context (school, parents, self, peer context, opposite sex, leisure time, future career, future expectations). A sample of 563 respondents (average age 15,6 years old) included students of different high schools.
As results revealed, the significant relationships between the passive coping strategy (helplessness) and a low level of perceived control beliefs were found in regard to school problems, problems with parents, problems with peers, and to problems regarding future career. The active coping and the coping strategy of discounting were not related to perceived control beliefs. On the other hand, the strategy of helplessness as well as a using of the active coping (in regard to school problems, problems with the opposite sex, problems regarding future career and future expectations) were related to the frequency of perceived daily hassles.
The paper deals with the relationship between working and private, family and partnership life in the contemporary Czech society. It is based on the main findings from the representative sample survey ''Connections between the changes in the labour market and forms of private, family, and partnership life in the Czech society'' conducted in the 2005. The aim of this paper is to put these findings into an international context. The comparison of selected European countries is done from the point of the level of conflict experienced between working and private life. These findings are also connected to the family policies and the labour market arrangements in particular countries. The international comparison is based on data from the second round of European Social Survey conducted 2004/2005. The findings indicated that the Czech Republic (along with Great Britain, Spain, Poland and Slovakia) counted among the countries with relatively higher level of experienced work-family/private life conflicts, unlike the Scandinavia and some particular West European countries (Germany, France and Belgium).
Tématem studie je analýza vztahu volnočasových aktivit a tvořivosti u populace českých adolescentů ve věku 13–15 let. Pražští respondenti (N=398, žáci osmých tříd a studenti prvního ročníku šestiletého gymnázia) vyplnili dva testy tvořivosti. Prvním z nich je Torranceho test Neúplných figur, určený k měření neverbální tvořivosti, druhým je originální test Opice, který měří verbální tvořivost na základě respondenty vytvořeného krátkého tematického příběhu. Výsledky verbálního i neverbálního testu tvořivosti byly vyhodnoceny ve vztahu k volnočasovým zájmům respondentů. Pomocí výpočtů explorační faktorové analýzy, analýzy variance (ANOVA) a Pearsonovým korelačním koeficientem byl zjištěn vztah mezi tvořivými volnočasovými aktivitami a figurálními i verbálními faktorovými skóry tvořivosti (r=0.149 a r=0.161; p<0.01). Mezi sociálními volnočasovými aktivitami a verbálním faktorovým skórem tvořivosti u gymnazistů byl nalezen pozitivní vztah (r=0.143). Nalezen byl také negativní vztah mezi pasivními volnočasovými zájmy a faktorem verbální tvořivosti (r=-0.101; p<0.05). Následně bylo zjištěno, že typ navštěvované školy vysvětluje téměř 12 % variance výkonu v neverbálním testu tvořivosti a pohlaví 2 %. Studenti gymnázií dosahovali signifikantně v obou testech tvořivosti vyšších výsledků než žáci základních škol, dívky dosahovaly signifikantně vyšších výsledků než chlapci. and The theme of the study is to analyze the relationship between leisure activities and creativity in the population of Czech adolescents aged 13-15 years. Prague respondents (N = 398, eighth grade pupils and first-year students of a six-year grammar school) completed two tests of creativity. The first one former was the Torrance Test of Incomplete Figures examining nonverbal creativity, the latter was the original Monkey test examining verbal creativity by writing a short story about a picture. The results of the verbal and nonverbal test of creativity were confronted with the leisure time activities of the respondents. In the case of creative activities and creativity tests, a relation was found by explorative factor analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson´s correlation coefficient. Furthermore, a positive relation was found between creative leisure time activities and the nonverbal factor and even in the case of verbal factor of creativity (r=0.149 and r=0.161; p<0.01). A positive relation was found between social leisure time activities and verbal factor of creativity among students of grammar school (r=0.143). A negative relation was also found between passive leisure time activities and verbal factor of creativity (r=-0.101; p<0.05). The type of school explained almost 12 % variance of measured creativity in the Torrance Test, gender explained 2 %. Students of grammar schools scored in both creativity tests significantly higher than primary school pupils. Further, gender differences were found in both creativity tests while girls scored significantly higher than boys.
Objectives. The main goal of the study was to analyse in detail specific family indicators and their relation to selected indicator of life satisfaction in a representative sample of Czech children. Sample and setting. A total number of 4 351 children aged 11, 13 and 15 years out of 88 randomly selected schools in Czech Republic formed the study population. The data was acquired in the framework of the WHO study “The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children: A WHO Cross National Study” (HBSC) in June 2010 by means of standardized questionnaires. Research questions. Is formal structure of family or the quality of communication more important for children's life satisfaction? Statistical analysis. Statistical analysis included descriptive analyses, the x2 test of independence in contingency tables, Fisher’s exact test, two samples T-test, one and two way analysis of variance using the NCSS 2007 program. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of family on life satisfaction of children and prevalence odds ratios with 95% confidence interval were calculated as measure of association. Results. Life satisfaction was high for majority of children, it reached two thirds of possible maximum at both of the followed scales (Cantril index, Huebner scale) for the whole sample. Life satisfaction was significantly associated (p<0,001) with age, gender, formal structure of family and quality of communication in family. Children from complete families with easy or very easy communication with both parents had the highest values at both of the followed life satisfaction scales. Study limitations. Limitations of the study result from the cross-sectional design and data based on self-reports. Both life satisfaction and family were analysed on the basis of selected question categories., L. Hodačová, E. Čermáková, J. Šmejkalová, E. Hlaváčková, M. Kalman., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The subjecí of this study ís the issue of the relationship of children from Romany (as well as Czech, Slovák and other) families to the Czech Republic. This issue was investigated as part of a wider study in 1998, during the period of the first large-scale migration of
Romanies out of the Czech Republic. The investigation was carried out by means of an anonymous questionnaire given to pupils in the 8th class at elemeníary schools in 46 towns in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. The subjects of the enquiry were therefore children aged' 13 or 14, that is children who are theoretically capable not only of expressing the ethnic identity of their parents but also of expressing the nátuře of their relationship to the Czech Republic. The investigation received 5921 replies from children of different ethnic origins. Of these only 33 (0.56 %) explicitly declared themselves to be of Romany origin. Other
respondents indirectly acknowledged their Romany roots even though they officially declared their parents to be Czech, Slovák, Hungarian, Polish, Ukrainian etc. or in some cases omitted to put down any parental nationality. Totalling the replies that gave an
indication of Romany ethnic origin gave a figuře of only 76 (1.28 % of the total sample). The relationship of the sample group of 13 - 14 year old Romany (as well as Czech, Slovák and other nationality) elementary school pupils to the Czech Republic was investigated on the basis of an expression of agreement or disagreement from the respondents (the option of „don ’t know“ was also added) to three statements: (1) „Ilike Czech film and theatre“; (2) „I would like to learn about the cultures of ethnic groups living in the Czech Republic (3) „It is good to be a Citizen of the Czech Republic “.
Based on an analysis of their replies it is possible to statě: (1) The group of Romany children who professed their Romany roots, consequently a group comingfrom a family background hardest hit by the transformation of society, exhibited in their opinions and
attitudes a relatively high level ofpositive agreement with the first statement. (2) From 40 the standpoint of cultural self-isolation in the sample group, Romany children came out as the most dosed with the greatest proportion that doesn 7 want to learn about the
culture of ethnic groups living in the Czech Republic. It is obviously important to
emphasise that representatives of the majority (pupils from Czech families) were not much more forthcoming, with more than 40 % expressing no interest in learning about the cultures of other ethnic groups with whom they live in the Czech Republic. (3) The group of pupils with Romany roots, which professed a pride in being a Citiz and en of the Czech Republic, was for the most part composed ofthose who had declared their parents to be of Czech nationality, and therefore seemed to identijy nationality with citizenship. From the information gained can be derived the necessity of forming a relationship between all groups and the statě of which they are a part, whether they arrived recently or are indigenous. An atmosphere of openness and approachability between the individual cultural models is very important in this. All minorities should maintain their identity and roots. Generally a shared respectfor the values of the statě results in a unified country and
creates a positive relationship to the country in which, regardless oforigin, they all live.
The study focuses on the attitude of concrete Romani groups to work. It refutes the common stereotype that the Romani detest work, that they have been living in the past at the expense of the majoritarian society, gained their living by bagging and other illegal means. In historical overview the author follows up the traditional Romani occupations and their decline under the impact of the industrialization. She accentuates the time of the communist regime that made use of the Romani especially in manual professions. Their work performance was commonly considered to be satisfactory, the communist aimed, within the frame of the general assimilation politics, to educate them to be enthusiastic builders of socialism. The wages that motivated for manual work did not instigate the Romani parents, clinging to the tradition of domestic education, to achieve higher qualification for their children.
Cílem studie bylo odhalit souvislosti mezi spirituální inteligencí a duševním zdravím a ověřit vztah spirituální inteligence k demografickým proměnným. Výzkumný soubor se skládal z 223 respondentů (33 % mužů a 67 % žen) s průměrným věkem 34,46 let. Pro sběr dat byly použity dotazníkové metody Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory a Mental Health Continuum Scale – Short Form. Korelační analýza odhalila statisticky významné vztahy mezi všemi zkoumanými proměnnými. Pomocí regresní analýzy bylo zjištěno, že ze čtyř dimenzí spirituální inteligence je nejsilnějším prediktorem duševního zdraví dimenze Nalézání osobního smyslu. S mírou spirituální inteligence statisticky významně souvisí také náboženské vyznání a vyšší frekvence duchovní praxe. and The objectives of this study were to explore the relationship between spiritual intelligence and mental health and to examine the potential relationship of spiritual intelligence and demographic variables. The research sample consisted of 223 respondents (33 % male and 67 % female, mean age 34.46 years). The tools used included The Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory and The Mental Health Continuum Scale – Short Form. Basic demographic data including religious belief and regularity of spiritual practice were also administered. The results have shown a statistically significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and mental health. Regression analysis revealed that, out of four dimensions of spiritual intelligence, the personal meaning production was the strongest predictor of mental health. The level of spiritual intelligence is also significantly related to religious belief and higher frequency of spiritual practice.
Post-WWII geopolitical changes in Indochina and Central & Eastern Europe drastically altered the international relationships of Czechoslovakia. Viet-nam became one of its partners. After the 1954 defeat of the French, the first Northern Vietnamese immigrants came to Czechoslovakia. However, after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 political agreements on cultural cooperation ended, and a return migration began. Nevertheless, the reconsolidation of democracy in the successor states of Czechoslovakia did not bring to an end the long established connection, and spontaneous individual migration started. Since then thousands of persons have come, and the Czech Republic remains one of the most desirable destinations for Vietnamese migrants. This article is the result of a qualitative survey conducted among pre-1989 returnees that was carried out in Vietnam from July 2010 to February 2011. The main task of the study is to frame the migration in a broader historical and political context, and show how the consequences and organized features of pre-1989 migration have shaped the perception of Czecho-slovakia and the returnees’ relationship with it.