Species composition, structure and ecological characteristics of the vegetation of two pond types with different management, fishponds and storage ponds, in the Českobudějovická pánev basin (South Bohemia), were compared. A selection of 99 relevés from fishponds and 99 from storage ponds (small ponds used for the storage of marketable fish) made in 2000–2004 were analysed using direct and indirect ordination and ANOVA. The difference between storage ponds and fishponds was found to be more important than gradients correlated with temporal changes, soil moisture and mud depth. Storage ponds had a significantly higher mean number of species, bryophytes, archaeophytes and neophytes and beta-diversity. There were no significant differences in cover values, except of moss layer, which had significantly higher cover in storage ponds. Fishponds had significantly higher mean Ellenberg indicator values for light, continentality, moisture and nutrients. Oenanthe aquatica and Rumex maritimus are typical fishpond species and Amblystegium humile and Eleocharis palustris agg. typical storage pond species. The management of storage ponds is more varied and of different intensity than that of fishponds. It is assumed that management is a crucial factor determining the species richness and influencing the vegetation of these two habitats.
In this paper, we are going to characterize the space ${\rm BMO}({\mathbb R}^n)$ through variable Lebesgue spaces and Morrey spaces. There have been many attempts to characterize the space ${\rm BMO}({\mathbb R}^n)$ by using various function spaces. For example, Ho obtained a characterization of ${\rm BMO}({\mathbb R}^n)$ with respect to rearrangement invariant spaces. However, variable Lebesgue spaces and Morrey spaces do not appear in the characterization. One of the reasons is that these spaces are not rearrangement invariant. We also obtain an analogue of the well-known John-Nirenberg inequality which can be seen as an extension to the variable Lebesgue spaces.
In this paper, the variance-constrained H∞ finite-horizon filtering problem is investigated for a class of time-varying nonlinear system under muti-rate communication network and stochastic protocol (SP). The stochastic protocol is employed to determine which sensor obtains access to the muti-rate communication network in order to relieve communication burden. A novel mapping technology is applied to characterize the randomly switching behavior of the data transmission resulting from the utilization of the SP in muti-rate communication network. By using relaxation method, sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of the finite-horizon filter satisfying both the prescribed H∞ performance and the covariance requirement of filtering errors, and the solutions of filters satisfying the above indexes are obtained by using linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the validity and effectiveness of the proposed filter scheme are verified by numerical simulation.
The aim of the article is to present an analysis of variant endings -i and -é. The research was carried out on the base of Czech National Corpus SYN2005. The ending -i is a variant of ending -é in the standard language (it amounts to 4 %). According to the corpora examination, the ending -i can be mainly found in the names of followers and members of social and political movements and institutions. No occurence or sporadic occurrence of the ending -i can be found in names of followers of religious views, suppor-ters of religious movements and members of sects, the names of specialists and sportsmen. The occurence of the form -i depends on the various factors: linguistical layer, semantical group that the word belongs to, type and frequency of the word, context and a text.
A thorough analysis of theoretical and computational properties of Kolmogorov learning algorithm for feedforward neural networks lead us to proposal of efficient sequential and parallel impleinentation. A novel approach to parallelization is presented which combines our previous rcsnlts in order to achieve higher parallel speed-up.
Variation with altitude in the composition of dung beetle assemblages and species richness was measured by sampling in spring, summer and autumn, both manually and with pitfall traps at twelve localities in the western Rhodopes Mountains. Non-parametric estimates indicate that most of the regional species pool was collected, some 73% of all taxa previously recorded in the entire region. The rate of species richness decrease with altitude is around 11 species per km, with an evident altitudinal change in the incidence of two main dung beetle functional groups in which Aphodiinae species begin to dominate Rhodopes assemblages at around 1400-1500 m. Species richness of dung pats is dominated by Scarabaeinae in spite of the fact that the number of Aphodiinae species is highest at each locality. Thus, Aphodiinae species are the main contributors to both local and regional pool richness and to species turnover between localities. These characteristics are similar to those observed in the assemblages from another European mountain range, also located near the Mediterranean-Eurosiberian boundary, the Iberian Central System. These results suggest that eastern European dung beetle assemblages are similar in compositional turnover and species richness variation with altitude to that observed in western Europe and North America.
nvestigating the function of both male and female mating behaviours is essential in our attempts to understand the evolution of mating systems. Variation in mating behaviours among different populations within a species provides a useful opportunity to explore how behaviours may co-vary, although comparative studies are still rather few in number. Population variation in mating behaviour may also have important implications in terms of the evolution of reproductive isolation, the distribution of genetic diversity within and between populations, and the associated ability of those populations to adapt. Here we consider male and female mating behaviour in two populations of the two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata, from the UK and Russia. We find that male and female mating behaviours differ between the populations in terms of the length of female rejection behaviour and the duration of mating, and that this variation is independent of which population an individual's mating partner is from. Our data confirm that patterns of sexual selection and reproductive behaviour are likely to vary across populations in the two-spot ladybird. The extent to which this variation is due to current ecological factors or population history remains to be verified for this species, as for many others., Penelope R. Haddrill, Michael E.N. Majerus, David M. Shuker., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The occurrence of colour polymorphism in wild populations of the necrophagous fly Prochyliza nigrimana (Diptera: Piophilidae) is recorded but never treated in detail. The present paper shows that there is a seasonal distribution in the morphotypes, with the dark morphs emerging in spring and pale morphs emerging later and most abundant in summer. Furthermore, different proportions of each morph occur along altitudinal gradients, with dark morphs significantly more abundant at low altitudes, where mean temperatures are warmer than at high altitudes where the pale coloured morphs were more abundant. Explanations based on the adaptive value of thermal melanism are discussed. and Daniel Martín-Vega, Arturo Baz.