Our aim was to determine biogeographical patterns in the food habits of golden jackals by first reviewing their dietary patterns at the continental scale and then analysing associations between the food items in their diets and geographical, regional productivity and land-use variables, using multivariate analyses. Our findings indicated that jackals generally consume small mammals as a staple food but shift to consume plant materials or the carcasses of larger mammals when food resources are scarce owing to changes in the regional climate and productivity, as well as anthropogenic habitat modifications. Disruption of natural food resources (specifically small mammals) due to anthropogenic landscape modifications provokes dietary shifts in golden jackals, potentially increasing their reliance on anthropogenic resources. Consequently, conservation of their habitat in combination with waste management to decrease the accessibility to anthropogenic resources is required to resolve human-jackal conflicts.
Although there is a considerable amount of information on the ecology, genetics and physiology of life-history traits there is little information on the morphological variations associated with flight ability within species. In this paper, the morphology and ultrastructure of certain organelles in the flight muscles of Gryllus firmus are recorded using transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the flight muscles of 7-day-old female adults reveals that the ratio of thick to thin filaments is 1 : 3. Each thick filament is surrounded by 6 thin filaments in a hexagonal arrangement. The length of the sarcomere of each myofibril is significantly shorter and diameter of the myofibrils significantly smaller in long-winged than in short-winged morphs. However, the thick filaments in the long-winged morph are denser than those in the short-winged morph. Furthermore, in the long winged morph there are a greater number of mitochondria than in the short-winged morph. These differences correspond with the fact that long-winged crickets are stronger fliers than short-winged crickets., Cheng-Ji Jiang ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
We compare alternative definitions of undirected graphical models for discrete, finite variables. Lauritzen \cite{Lauritzen:1996} provides several definitions of such models and describes their relationships. He shows that the definitions agree only when joint distributions represented by the models are limited to strictly positive distributions. Heckerman et al. \cite{Heckerman_et_al:2000}, in their paper on dependency networks, describe another definition of undirected graphical models for strictly positive distributions. They show that this definition agrees with those of Lauritzen \cite{Lauritzen:1996} again when distributions are strictly positive. In this paper, we extend the definition of Heckerman et al. \cite{Heckerman_et_al:2000} to arbitrary distributions and show how this definition relates to those of Lauritzen \cite{Lauritzen:1996} in the general case.
Idempotent slim groupoids are groupoids satisfying $xx\=x$ and $x(yz)\=xz$. We prove that the variety of idempotent slim groupoids has uncountably many subvarieties. We find a four-element, inherently nonfinitely based idempotent slim groupoid; the variety generated by this groupoid has only finitely many subvarieties. We investigate free objects in some varieties of idempotent slim groupoids determined by permutational equations.
A-kinase interacting protein 1 (AKIP1) has been shown to interact
with a broad range of proteins involved in various cellular
processes, including apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and oxidative
stress suggesting it might have multiple cellular functions. In this
study, we used an epitope-tagged AKIP1 and by combination of
immunochemical approaches, microscopic methods and reporter
assays we studied its properties. Here, we show that various
levels of AKIP1 overexpression in HEK-293 cells affected not only
its subcellular localization but also resulted in aggregation. While
highly expressed AKIP1 accumulated in electron-dense
aggregates both in the nucleus and cytosol, low expression of
AKIP1 resulted in its localization within the nucleus as a free,
non-aggregated protein. Even though AKIP1 was shown to
interact with p65 subunit of NF-κB and activate this transcription
factor, we did not observe any effect on NF-κB activation
regardless of various AKIP1 expression level.
The main role of research in medicine is to provide relevant knowledge which, after successful translation to clinical practice, improves the quality of healthcare. The sex bias which is still present in the majority of research disciplines prefers male subjects despite legislation changes in the US grant agencies and European research programme Horizon 2020. Male subjects (cells, animals) still dominate in preclinical research and it has detrimental consequences for women’s health and the quality of science. Opposite bias exists for data obtained mainly in animal models utilizing female subjects (e.g. research in multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis) with skewed outcomes for men affected by these diseases. Either way, scientists are producing results which compromise half of the population. Assumptions that females as cohorts are more variable and another assumption that the oestrous cycle should be tracked in case the females are enrolled in preclinical studies were proven wrong. Variability of male versus female cohorts are comparable and do not only stem from hormonal levels. The widespread prevalence of sex differences in human diseases ultimately requires detailed experiments performed on both sexes, unless the studies are specifically addressing reproduction or sex-related behaviors.
Zpráva informuje o mezinárodní konferenci „Komunistický bezpečnostní aparát ve střední a východní Evropě 1944/45–1989“, která se konala ve Varšavě v červnu 2005 za účasti více než tří set padesáti historiků a politologů z devatenácti zemí. Součástí programu byly vernisáže tří expozic věnovaných činnosti represivních aparátů v Polsku, východním Německu a Československu a byla zde prezentována kniha A Handbook of the Communist Security Apparatus in East Central Europe, 1944–1989, která je dílem mezinárodního autorského týmu a prvním pokusem o syntetické uchopení tématu., This is a report about the international conference “The Communist Security Apparatus in East Central Europe, 1944–45 to 1989”, which was held in Warsaw on 16–18 June 2005. It was attended by more than 350 historians and political scientists from nineteen countries. The programme included openings of three exhibitions on the work of the machinery of repression in Poland, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia, as well as the launching of A Handbook of the Communist Security Apparatus in East Central Europe, 1944–1989, which is the work of an international team and the first attempt to present the topic comprehensively., and Kronika
Vascular stenosis is often described only by its percentage in both clinical and scientific praxis. Previous studies gave inconclusive results regarding the effect of stenosis eccentricity on its hemodynamic effect. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate and quantify the effect of stenosis severity and eccentricity on the pressure drop. A combination of pressure and flow measurements by Par ticle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) method was used. Models of the same stenosis significance but with different levels of eccentricity were studied in vitro by PIV. This study has shown that stenosis asymmetry is associated with more profound pressure drop an d flow volume decrease. On the contrary, pressure drop and flow volume decrease were not further significantly influenced by the level of asymmetry. Hemodynamic changes associated with stenosis eccentricity must be taken into account in both clinical and s cientific studies., L. Novakova, J. Kolinsky, J. Adamec, J. Kudlicka, J. Malik., and Obsahuje bibliografii