V dějinách idejí se vitalismu dostalo různých definic a různé postavy byly označeny za vitalisty. Když se soustředíme na 17. století, zjistíme, že badatelé identifikovali jako vitalisty autory, kteří zastávají názory, jež jsou v diametrálním protikladu. Stručně představím názory dualistických vitalistů (Henry More, Ralph Cudworth a Nehemiah Grew) a monistických vitalistů (Francis Glisson, Margaret Cavendishová, Anne Conwayová), a filosofické a teologické uvažování, které formovalo jejich myšelní. Ve všech těchto různých podobách vitalismu se nacházejí identifikovatelné společné motivy: bytostná neredukovatelnost života (považovaná za vlastnost buď nehmotného ducha nebo samotného hmoty) a univerzalita života (sahající daleko za "organickou" oblast přírody až "anorganické")., Vitalism has been given different definitions and diverse figures have been labelled as vitalists throughout the history of ideas. Concentrating on the seventeenth century, we find that scholars identify as vitalists authors who endorse notions that are in diametrical opposition with each other. I briefly present the ideas of dualist vitalists (Henry More, Ralph Cudworth and Nehemiah Grew) and monist vitalists (Francis Glisson, Margaret Cavendish and Anne Conway) and the philosophical and theological considerations informing their thought. In all these varied forms of vitalism the identifiable common motives are the essential irreducibility of life (regarded as a property of either an immaterial spirit or matter itself) and the universality of life (extending well beyond the “organic” realm of nature, incorporating the “inorganic”)., and Veronika Szántó.
In this review we summarize recent opinions on the possible role of vitamin D in the risk of thyroid diseases development. It may be concluded from the available data that vitamin D deficiency, particularly levels below 12.5 ng/ml should be considered as an additional, but important risk factor for development of thyroid autoimmunity, both chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves´ disease. A higher risk of Graves´ disease development is also associated with several polymorphisms in the gene encoding for vitamin D binding protein and for the specific receptor of active form of vitamin D - 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the respective target cells. Important for development of thyroid cancer appeared polymorphisms of genes encoding for vitamin D receptors and of genes encoding for the participating hydroxylating enzymes in thyroid tissue, leading to a diminished local 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation capacity with following alteration of antiproliferatory, antiapoptotic and prodifferentiating efficacy of the latter. Whether supplementation with high doses of vitamin D or its analogues possesses preventive or therapeutic effect is an object of intensive studies., K. Vondra, L. Stárka, R. Hampl., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Reduced levels of vitamin or its metabolites have been reported in various psychiatric disorders. Insufficient levels of vitamin D in depressive patients have been confirmed by many authors, but there have been conflicting results in subjects with anxiety disorders. In the present cross-sectional study, levels of calcidiol were determined in groups of depressive men and women and in men and women with anxiety disorders and compared with age matched controls. Significantly lower levels of calcidiol were found in men and women with depression as well as in age matched patients with anxiety disorders., M. Bičíková, M. Dušková, J. Vítků, B. Kalvachová, D. Řípová, P. Mohr, L. Stárka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Insufficient levels of vitamin D have been demonstrated by many
authors as a risk factor for autistic patients, however, the
causality has not been reliably elucidated. In the present study,
levels of calcidiol were determined in group of autistic children
and compared with age matched healthy children as controls.
Suboptimal levels of calcidiol in more than 60 % of both autistic
patients as well as of control group were found. No significant
differences in vitamin D between autistic children and healthy
controls were observed.